The Inferno By Dante And The Allegory Of The Cave

The significance and connotation of light seems to be driven by its relation to truth. Truth is some thing that has been debated since the beginning of human thought. Even in western philosophy alone, the meaning of light has changed, creating a one to question the sole symbol light can act as. Plato’s argument equates truth to light, while Dante’s argument equates God to light. Dante argues that the light is guiding, rather than definite. Through these two examples, I will show that light symbolizing the equivalent of truth or searching for truth yields problems. To support my claim, I will look at The Inferno by Dante and The Allegory of the Cave by Plato, whose interpretations of light appear to work well with one another. First, I will analyze the significance of in a non-religious context. Second, I will analyze the significance of in a religious context. Thirdly, I will show why this metaphor of light yield problems for the viewer of light. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, light represents a definitive truth. After seeing â€Å"the form of the good†, in the physical world, light is produced, paralleling, in the mental world, â€Å"truth and understanding† is produced (Plato 211). Since seeing the light is only obtained seeing the Truth, Plato regards light as an end rather than a means to find a higher truth. This light in The Allegory of the Cave prevents humans from â€Å"behaving awkwardly and appearing completely ridiculous† (Plato 211). Plato argues that the light destroysShow MoreRelated Dantes Inferno Essay888 Words   |  4 Pages Dantes use of allegory in the Inferno greatly varies from Platos quot;Allegory of the Cavequot; in purpose, symbolism, characters and mentors, and in attitude toward the world. An analysis of each of these elements in both allegories will provide an interesting comparison. Dante uses allegory to relate the sinners punishment to his sin, while Plato uses all egory to discuss ignorance and knowledge. Dantes Inferno describes the descent through Hell from the upper level of the opportunists toRead MoreEssay on The Allegory of the Cave and Dante1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe Allegory of the Cave and Dante â€Å"If you would not be forgotten as soon as you are dead and rotten, either write things worth reading or do things worth writing.† This maxim applies to the poet Dante Alighieri, writer of The Inferno in the 1300s, because it asserts the need to establish oneself as a contributor to society. Indeed, Dante’s work contributes much to Renaissance Italy as his work is the first of its scope and size to be written in the vernacular. Due to its readability andRead MoreDantes Beasts2989 Words   |  12 PagesThe Beasts and Monsters in Dantes Inferno   The Inferno is the first section of Dantes three-part poem, The Divine Comedy. Throughout Dantes epic journey into the depths of Inferno he encounters thirty monsters and five hybrid creatures.   The most significant of these monsters are of central importance to his journey and to the narrative, as they not only challenge  Dantes presence in Inferno, but are custodians of Hell, keeping in order or guarding the perduta gente.   In this essay I am concentratingRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Proposed By Plato1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe allegory of the cave proposed by Plato includes the representation of the levels of knowledge. As we get closer to the exit, we get more knowledgeable and wiser we get, thus becoming better selves. Literature represents part of this knowledge, it has been a fundamental part of understanding our society, and has archived and developed the events and thoughts that made the world in which we live today. The more we read, the more we understand a bout us as well as learning from other peoples’ experiencesRead MoreAnalyzing Dantes The Divine Comedy2313 Words   |  9 PagesPart 1 How does Dante use metaphors/allegories as mechanisms for articulating his vision of Christian ethos? Consider how the work is structured and how punishment is meted out and his use of contrapasso. Durante degli Alighieri, usually referred to as Dante (1265-1321), was an Italian poet, moral philosophers, and political thinker best known for his epic poem La divina commedia. Essentially, The Divine Comedy describes Dantes journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise guided at first by the

Othello, By William Shakespeare - 1218 Words

In a historical time period where emphasis was shifting from religion to race and ethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change toward racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifying prejudice towards certain religious groups primarily Islam as a threat to European Christians. Although modern racial ideologies are mostly influenced by European imperialism and colonialism, the justification for their exploitation of indigenous conquered groups required some form of racist ideology. Physical characteristics became â€Å"racial markers† which Europeans believed were natural differences that represented inherent internal characteristics. Othello the character and S hakespeare the author are intertwined in this shifting paradigm during this major transformation of ideology from religion to racial prejudice. Othello the play begins not with Othello who bears the title of Shakespeare s work but with Iago. Similar to many other tragedies such as Lear and Macbeth that begin with ancillary figures discussing the character who inevitably becomes the center of the tragedy, there exists no other play that prolongs the introduction of this tragic hero until finally, he setsShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the handkerchiefRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 Pagesthose that which occurred in Othello written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Othello, we see the struggles of a marriage that is not accepted by their society. Othello is a extremely cherished black general living in a primarily white community. The play begins with Othello secretly becoming married to a white woman named Desdemona. This reasons others who are white to become angry and excuse to dislike this black man further more than they already do. Othello is a downward spiral from loveRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare790 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Othello by William Shakespeare, Othello makes numerous poor decisions due to his jealousy. Hitting Desdemona, trusting Iago, and killing Desdemona are among a few of the poor decisions that he makes. The word jealous can be defined as feeling or showing suspicion of someones unfaithfulness in a relationship. Othello feels suspicious of Desdemona’s and Cassio’s relationship because of the lies that Iago tells him. Many people try to tell Othello the truth but he only believes the wordsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them to misinterpret what they see. Othello is prone to Iago s ploys seeing that he himselfRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 Pageswas Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts the tragedy of Othello, a Morris Captain. What is different about Shakespeare play is that the tragic hero is the black Othello and the villain a white Iago. Therefore, Shakespeare depiction of Othello as a tragic character and Iago as a villain, challenges Elizabethan’s stereotypes regarding individuals of African descent. Shakespeare challenges the stereotypical â€Å"type –casting of the black man† in Elizabethan society by depicting Othello asRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1152 Words   |  5 Pages‘Othello’ was a tragedy of incomprehension at the deepest level of human dealings as no one in the play came to an understanding of himself or any of the surrounding characters. The play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare focused on tragedy through the anguish of the main character ‘Othello’ which lead to the suffering and death of numerous characters including himself. Appearance Vs. Reality challenged human dealings within the play ‘Othello’ as no-one came to see anyone’s true self and no-one seesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1825 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s plays transcends time and is renowned for their captivating plots and complex characters. Othello by William Shakespeare is a tragedy play that portrays major themes such as racism, manipulation, and jealousy just to name a few. Throughout the whole play, these themes are represented through the conniving character from the play, Iago. Out of all the plays Shakespeare has written, Iago is believed to be the most complex villain of all times. During the play, Othello, a blackRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man , and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make a

Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Care

Question: Discuss about the Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Care. Answer: Introduction: Nursing care is concerned with investigation of the patients needs and then administration of interventions for addressing those needs. Evidence based practice is a scientific and realistic searching technique that yields optimal and high quality care results (DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, 2014). It is more of a problem solving approach that on one hand is highly cost effective and in other hand provides far more satisfactory results than the traditional approaches. This technique has seven steps starting with creating a valid enquiry, asking reasonable clinical PICO questions, searching nursing databases with the questions, critically evaluating the evidence and ending in the selection of the best intervention applicable for the respective patient (Hastings Fisher, 2014). This report will attempt to apply the first two steps of the evidence based practice in the case of a patient suffering from knee pain. Case scenario: In this case scenario a middle aged AFL player, Kasim, is suffering from knee pan and has been prescribed to use celecoxib 200 mg/day, an NSAID drug or glucosamine 1500 mg/day. Out of the two treatment options the patient has to choose one as per his convenience, and prior o that the patient is eager to discover knowledge about both the medications, the pro and cons of each in detail. Application of evidence based practice can help the nurse educate the patient about his treatment options in the most scientific and reasonable manner in just two simple steps: Clinical Questions: In men with knee pain which treatment option is more effective between celecoxib and glucosamine: Key words /search items/phrase Alternative words P In knee pain In a patient suffering from joint pain I Is celecoxib non steroidal medication C Compared to Glucosamine Steroidal pain medication O Best option for relieving pain without any side effects? Is the better alternative? Database search: The next step in the evidence based practice is selecting a nursing database for conducting key word search based on the PICO questions. There are a number of nursing databases that can be used for the purpose like MEDLINE or CINAHL. The purpose behind choosing theses two websites are their excellence in the field of nursing. Both of them are easily the largest databases existing that serve us with countless valuable journals and CINAHL with much more. This is the reason these two databases are abundantly used for the evidence based practice in nursing using PICO questioning, and among both of them the database chosen for the assignment is CINAHL or Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature as it covers more diversity within the field of nursing and health care and also for the fact that it includes books, dissertations, audio visual resources and conference papers as well. Actions Search mode Results Limiters (or expanders) Glucosamine or celecoxib in knee pain management Find all my search item 2010 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language How are NSAID drugs more useful? Find all my search items 6 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language Consequences of steroidal drugs and non-steroidal drugs Find all my search items 5231 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language What are the benefits of using NSAID medication in joint pain? SmartText searching 2 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language Patient recovery using steroidal drugs in pain management. Find all my search items 16 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language Recovery rate of using non-steroidal drugs in pain management SmartText searching 1116 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language (Table format used from Richardson-Tench et al., 2016) Accuracy: One of the major reasons where students and scholars of health care and biomedical sciences take the assistance of CINAHL is the accuracy and relevance of the search that it provides. The search result generated for the assignment provided the opportunity to address each and every aspect of the steroidal and non-steroidal medication in detail. Furthermore the database also provides various tools for us to use that helps in using PICO questions in the database like Boolean operators, truncation, wildcard and a customizable limiter edit section that contributes in tailoring the search according to convenience and reason. Relevance: According to the article on nonsteroidal drugs by Hakkarainen, the nonsteroidal drugs inhibit prostaglandin release by inhibiting cox2, and is highly functional in decreasing inflammation and pain sensation (Hakkarainen et al., 2015). The steroidal medication like glucasamine however, are similar in therapeutic activity but are narcotics hence can be dangerous in case overdosage of prolonged use. Nonsteroidal medication are definitely the safer option especially with celecoxi which is very effective in joint pain but nonsteroidal medication have a number of side effects as well like vomiting and nausea hence dosage should be carefully calculated according to the article by Wei at al. 2013 (Wei at al., 2013). Conclusion: Nursing is the noble profession of care, an occupation that is people focused, on their needs and grievances. The responsibility of a nurse is multidimensional, with interconnected spectrums coming together in a single outcome, optimal care delivery to each and every patient. Along the years the health care has advanced considerably and with it the operational strategies and techniques have advanced as well. Evidence based practice is another advanced trick that has emerged in the last decade that has changed the health care standards and with the new advancements like this coming everyday it will continue to do so. References: Ellis, P. (2016). Evidence-based practice in nursing. Learning Matters. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014). Evidence-based nursing: A guide to clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hastings, C., Fisher, C. A. (2014). Searching for proof: Creating and using an actionable PICO question. Nursing management, 45(8), 9-12. Hamlin, L., Davies, M., Richardson-Tench, M., Sutherland-Fraser, S. (2016). Perioperative Nursing-EBook-epub: An Introduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hakkarainen, T. W., Steele, S. R., Bastaworous, A., Dellinger, E. P., Farrokhi, E., Farjah, F., ... Flum, D. R. (2015). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk for anastomotic failure: a report from Washington State's Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program (SCOAP).JAMA Surgery,150(3), 223-228. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2014.2239 Wei, L., Macdonald, T. M., Jennings, C., Sheng, X., Flynn, R. W., Murphy, M. J. (2013). Estimated GFR reporting is associated with decreased nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescribing and increased renal function.Kidney International,84(1), 174-178. doi:10.1038/ki.2013.76

Fundamentals of Law Criminological Theories

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Lawfor Criminological Theories. Answer: Facts of the Case In this case five explorers had got trapped inside the cave. They had been trapped due to a land slide and there was no way left in which they could escape the cave. They tried their best but were not able to do so. There was tremendous effort form the rescuers to rescue them out of the cave but the effort was not successful. Ten men had already died in order to rescue them from the cave. The explorers had no access to food or water and they had no idea till when they are going to be trapped inside. The rescue party was trying their best to rescue them but their attempts were getting failed. On the 20th day radio contact was been able to be established between them and the rescuers. Through the radio connection the trapped persons were notified that it would take another ten days before they can be rescued. They had a chat with the medical expert through the idea where they consulted about their survival chances without nutrients. They had been notified by the medical expert that it is unlikely that they would be able to survive another ten days without food and water in the cave. One of the trapped cavers Mr. Whetmore asked the medical experts on behalf of the other cavers that would they be able to survive if they consumed the flesh of one of the trapped cavers. The medical expert although reluctantly but confirmed that if they did so than they will have the chance of survival. Mr. Wethmore than inquired the fellow cavers that they should choose the person to be killed and eaten through drawing lots or not. No one from the rescue team was able to answer the question or did rather not want to answer the question and in addition the radio contact was subsequently lost. When the cave was cleared it was found that Mr. Wethmore had been killed and consumed. The other four people claimed that they had done so through the dice provided by the deceased and he had agreed that the dice was thrown in a just way. The four men were charged with murder of Mr. Wethmore. The re is a mandatory penalty of death in case of murder in Newgarth. The Decision and Relevance of Legal Theory The first judge in this case Chief Justice Truepenny held that the four convicts are guilty of murder however the he recommended clemency. The opinion of the judge was to an expository to a great extent and had been used to review the facts related to the case. According to the judge the legal provisions were clear and the defendants had no defenses to rely on thus the provisions have to be imposed and applied by the court. It was added by the first judge in this case that the circumstances which lead to the murder in his view were such that they provide a need for clemency. However it was added by the chief justice that the decision related to mercy is in the hands of the executive and not the judiciary. In addition it was provided by the chief justice that the other judges should add their names to the appeal claiming mercy for the convicts. According to the chief justice such decision would not only keep the integrity of the statues but also allow the justice to be served without disregarding law. The judge in this case relied on both the natural law theory and the legal obedience theory to come to a decision. According to the natural law theory the rational behavior of human beings should be used to derive what is evil and what is good[1]. Historically the theory refers to the use of human reasons in order to make binding rules with respect to moral behavior[2]. Thus by analyzing human behavior the judge deduced that the actions of the convicts should be subjected to mercy. However the judge prioritized the legal obedience theory according to which a statue which is not ambiguous must be imposed without any alternation by the courts and it is not the look out of the court that whether the statue is justified or not. Thus the judge only recommended clemency by through the legal obedience theory affirmed conviction The second judge in this case Justice Foster ruled that the accused were not guilty and set aside the conviction. According to the judge as the defendants were in a State of nature the basic law of Newgarth was not applicable on them. In addition it had been provided by the judge that according to natural law it was not wrong for the convicts to sacrifice the life of one person in order to save the life of four others. The judge suggested that the court must take a purposive approach towards the statue as the law of Newgarth was not applicable. There have been several occasions where the courts have found exception to statues through implications such as in the case of self defense. The judge also ruled that the main intention and objective of criminal law is deterrence and in this case it would not be served by affirming conviction. The judge in this case relied on the natural law theory along with the legal anthropology to come to a decision. Natural law theory had been discussed above according to which the circumstances have to be analyzed in order to come to decision[3]. The judge also considered the anthropology theory or the cross culture theory according to which laws in different cultures are used to come to a decision[4]. There are many cultures where cannibalism is legal due to the scarcity of food and the rule of survival of the fittest prevails[5]. The judge Justice Tatting was the only judge who was not able to come to a decision. The judge had criticized the approach taken by Justice Foster. The judge in this case provided that the freedom of contract must be prioritized over right to life according to the state of nature cannot be taken as a logical argument. The judge was stuck between the feeling of sympathy and disgust of the monstrous act committed. The purposive approach was also criticized by the judge as it has various purposes which include rehabilitation and retribution. The judge also cited the case of Commonwealth v Valjean in which it was not justified to hold starvation as a valid cause for theft. However it was provided by the judge that the considerations of the defendants are counterbalancing that of the prosecution and it is not possible for him to come to a just decision. The judge in this case also relied on the legal obedience theory however he was not able to come to to a decision as it would contradict the theory of justice[6]. He was not able to determine whether the balance of justice was in favor of the defendants or the prosecution. The fourth judge Justice Keen started his decision by criticizing and opposing the executive clemency as provided by the chief justice. He affirmed the conviction of the defendants. The justice also rejected the morality behind the actions of the defendants which was used by the courts to come to the decision. The justice ruled that the only question which the court should consider in this case is the application of the legislation of Newgarth and the determination of the fact that the life of the deceased was taken willfully by the defendants or not. He ruled that the other judges have failed to separate the moral and the legal aspects of the case. He in his personal opinion held that the defendants should not be subjected to death but ruled that the role of the court is only to interpret and apply the law. The judge in this case applied the legal positivism and the legal obedience theory to come to a decision. According to the theories the court must not look into the fact that a legislation is justified or not and not to doubt the ability of the legislature to enact laws the Legal positivism theory further provides that the law made by the legislatures must be imposed strictly[7]. It is not necessary that law and morals will always have a connection and thus analysis of issue should not be based on moral or social principles. Legal issues must only be addressed by referring to rules which are predetermined without any social consideration. The concept of legal positivism is totally opposite to that of natural law and established no connection between law and morals. Thus the justice confirmed the conviction of the defendants. The fifth and final judge in this case was Justice Handy. He had set aside the conviction of the defendants in this case. He had the opinion that the court must give relevance to public demand and view when deciding a point of law. He ruled that the decision must be based on common sense rather than abstract theories of law. He held criticizing his colleagues that the case only requires practical wisdom and not curtains of law in order to come to a rational decision. He held that 90% of the public wants the defendants to be released or be subjected to a minor punishment and in order to maintain public confidence in law such decision has to be taken. The judge was also ready to accept the purposive approach as provided by Justice Foster. The judge in this case used the social theory to address the issue. According to the social theory the objective of law is to protect the citizens against injustice and to maintain the confidence of the public in the legal system. The social theory seeks to address legal issue with common sense and not predetermined law[8]. The theory although it sounds practical and clear can cause immense ambiguity with respect to the legal system. Reaching a Decision The main issue which arises in this case with respect to making the decision is the question related to the relevance of moral right and legal obligations. The theories such as legal positivism and natural law used by the judges to address the issue have their own relevance but are contradictory to each other. The social theory has also been applied in this case which provides an outcome contradictory to the theory of legal positivism. Law had existed in society since ancient times with its main objective of providing justice to the aggrieved. The fundamental purpose of criminal law is to ensure that the criminal activity is not repeated again through punishment of the guilty. There are two significant elements which constitute a criminal activity firstly the intention of causing harm and secondly the physical act causing the harm. In this case both intention and action can be said to be present. However there have been many cases in which a criminal punishment has been exempted base d on the theory of self defense. Law should never be used to satisfy the demands of a particular group of society or the society as a whole. According to the rule of there is nothing which is or which can be above law and thus society demands cannot be put above the provisions of law[9]. Therefore the social theory cannot be applied in this case to a decision. The difficult task arises when one among the theories of legal positivism and natural law has to be chosen to come to a decision in this case. Comparing the two theories none can be identified as a clear winner as the principles of law are not only to punish the wrongdoer but also to promote justice and equity in the society. Therefore in this case referring to the decision of the chief justice which made an attempt to give relevance to both legal positivism and natural law it can be said that the defendants should be affirmed guilty but clemency in the matter must also be observed by the executives. Bibliography Akers, Ronald L.Criminological theories: Introduction and evaluation. Routledge, 2013. Armstrong, David Malet.What is a Law of Nature?. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Campbell, Tom D., ed.Legal positivism. Routledge, 2016. Leiter, Brian. "Marx, law, ideology, legal positivism."Virginia Law Review(2015): 1179-1196. MacCormick, Neil, and Ota Weinberger.An institutional theory of law: new approaches to legal positivism. Vol. 3. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. O'Connell, Mary Ellen, and Caleb M. Day. "Sources in Natural Law Theories: Natural Law as Source of Extra-Positive Norms." (2016). Roberts, Simon.Order and dispute: an introduction to legal anthropology. Quid Pro Books, 2013. Stanlis, Peter James.Edmund Burke and the natural law. Transaction Publishers, 2015. Weidong, Chen. "Legality, Democracy and Restriction: Three Key-Words the Judicial Reform Should Focus on."Law Science Magazine10 (2014): 001.

Food and Beverage Operations free essay sample

This means that liquor outlets can refuse entry and alcohol to any member of the pubmic without giving a reason. Question 2 * People orientated – beverage managers must be comfortable leading their employees and working with the public. a manager is expected to walk the floor and talk to patrons. * Honesty – in some cases beverage manager’s work for the owner of the establishment, who has entrusted his or her managers with the restaurants profits and supplies. Stealing from the establishment or other dishonesty is a fast way to lose the owners trust. * Organized – a good beverage manager will know the key to success is preparations. This means ensuring beverages are fresh and ready to place when customers arrive, beverage managers must be strong administrators. * Flexibility – a beverage manager may be required to work late hours, especially if employed at a bar. You will need to be prepared for all situations. A good beverage manager has the below 5 characteristics: * Confidence * Honesty and integrity * Good management skills To be able to work well under pressure * Reliability Question 3 On-consumption – an outlet where liquor is served over a counter or to table for the customers to consume on the premises. We will write a custom essay sample on Food and Beverage Operations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Off-consumption – an outlet where liquor is sold to the public for consumption elsewhere. The liquor must be sold unopened in sealed containers. Question 4 A bar control system is important in order to attain correct and accurate stock control. Question 5 Possible discrepancies The stir method means the ingredients are added together and then stirred to ensure mixing in one of two ways: Mixed in the glass or mixed in a separate container and then strained into the serving glass. Question 11 This means that when a cocktail is shaken with ice, the ice thaws too quickly, diluting the liquor with water and making the drink weaker. Question 12 a) Rum: 1) Cuba Libre – 1 ? Tots white rum Top up with cola according to taste in a highball glass with ice. Lime or lemon wedge to garnish. 2) Bacardi Cocktail – 1 measure Bacardi rum ? measure grenadine ? lemon juice Shake with ice and strain into a cocktail glass b) Brandy: 1) Brandy Cocktail-1 ? measures brandy 1 measure cointreau 2 dashes of sugar syrup 2 dashes of angostura bitters Add ice and stir gently, strain into a cocktail glass 2) Stinger – 1 measure brandy 1 measure creme de menthe (white) Shake with ice and strain into a cocktail glass c) Gin: 1) Gin and It – 1 measure dry gin 1 measure Italian vermouth Pour over ice unto a cocktail glass garnish with a cherry 2) Dry Martini-2 measures dry gin 1 measure dry vermouth Mix and stir gently and serve in a cocktail glass garnish with a twist of lemon and an olive. Question 13 1 ounces Whiskey 5 ounces Soda Water Mix ingredients in a highball glass two-thirds full of ice. Stir briskly and garnish with a lemon twist. | Question 14 Balloon glass. South African liqueur brandy is wellington or old fashioned. Question 15 Sambuco is a liqueur, it is usually meant to be drunk before meals but people prefer to have them as shooters. It is most often served on their own in a liqueur glass or as part of a cocktail. Question 16 The binder: made up of one leaf which holds the filler together. Covers the inner part of the cigar completely.

Books on French History

Books on French History This page indexes onsite bibliographic information about French history. General Histories The best one-volume books, plus a bonus for people wanting one book on recent events. A Concise History of France by Roger Price: Part of the Cambridge Concise Histories series, (and so linked to another book on this list), this text is a middle length run through of a fascinating but at times complicated history. The third edition has an extra chapter on very modern France.The Cambridge Illustrated History of France by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie and Colin Jones: This is a great one-book summary of France’s history, with a broad range and plenty of visual stimuli.The History of Modern France: From The Revolution to the Present Day by Jonathan Fenby: French history in the post-Napoleonic era is no less interesting than the time before. It is good for the European Union and precursors as well as France. The Best Books Want to start reading about French history, but aren’t sure where to start? We’ve broken down the best books we’ve run on French history and divided them into three lists; we’ve also paid attention to covering as much ground as possible. Pre-Revolutionary France: Top 10France evolved around the turn of the first millennium, but this list goes back to the decline of the Romans to fill in all the eras. Wars against England, wars over religion, and the (possible) apogee of absolutism. The French Revolution: Top 10Probably the turning point around which modern European history revolved, The French Revolution began in 1789, changing both France, the continent and then the world. These ten books include one of my favorite ever history books. Post-Revolutionary France: Top 10French history didn’t end with the defeat of Napoleon, and there’s plenty to look for in the last two hundred years if you want fascinating events and interesting characters. Reviews and Summaries Check out this list of product summaries, that highlight the pros and cons of some stand-out books on French history. The list provides a brief review and lists supplementary detail; many entries also link to full reviews, including the below.​ Citizens by Simon SchamaThis book is a standout among all history books, not just those about French history. This history of the revolution from the early days to the start of the Directory is no less than fascinating but perhaps too baroque for the younger student.​The French Revolutionary Wars by Gregory Fremont-BarnesThe French Revolutionary Wars often get folded into the Napoleonic Wars, so this book that tackles them alone. is well-appreciated.The Oxford History of the French Revolution by William DoyleIf you want to know what happened in the French Revolution, and why, read this excellent work from Doyle. It’s been through several editions, and this is the best student textbook.

Health and disease in human populations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and disease in human populations - Essay Example This essay outlines the hazards of agriculture on health with regard to diseases, illnesses, and work hazards; and will outline the benefits of farm production by taking a look at food security, physical and mental health, and social environments. According to Schenker (661-664), farming involves contact to a variety of respiratory toxins exposing farmers to various respiratory conditions. This includes contact to organic dusts through grain handling and enclosed animal feeding ways. For example, farmers that keep a large number animals can spend long hours in confined facilities exposing them to organic dust. Grain dirt is also inorganic dust and grains like sorghum appear to be the most associated with respiratory symptoms. Farmers risk exposed to bacterial, microbial, fungal organisms and toxic gases. Inorganic dirt is mainly soil component and has a high level of silica. This risk is associated mainly with farmers in arid regions. Chemical poisoning is another risk attached to farming practices. When not properly used can lead to death through poisoning. Price of medical attention, reduced productivity can be high. In emergent countries, wellbeing risks related to farming chemical products are having high chances of occur rence. Farmers in developing countries lack the knowledge on proper use of farm chemicals and regulatory systems of chemicals. Chemicals used in agriculture cause metal poisoning to natural sources of water. This can create immense health risks for populations that live in those areas. Agriculture practices provide reproduction places for disease and promote parasite longevity; cause loss of essential marauder species that control parasites increasing man-vector contact (Agricultural Development and Vector-Borne Diseases, 16). This includes parasites like mosquitoes. Irrigation schemes, crops grown, chemical inputs can all lead to the promotion of breeding of vectors that cause disease. Facilities

Fianacial moduling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Fianacial moduling - Essay Example Both the indices generally followed the Other January effect. Introduction New York Stock Exchange (the US Stock) was officiated on March 18, 1817. London stock exchange (the UK Stock) was founded in 1801. The two stocks combined have the highest Market cap (17.0 trillion) and largest volume (3.1 trillion) in the world [1]. Any movement in these markets pushes stock indices all over the world. Drawing parallels from the common and integrated political and economic interests the host countries of these stock indices, it can be hypnotized that these market are correlated. This paper tries to identify, if any, correlation present between the two indices. As mentioned before the NYSE and the LSE sit on huge pile of money and are influential. Hence it is important to figure out their predictability. This paper assesses the predictability of these stock indices. The paper has been segregated into three segments: First section characterizes time series properties of the stocks namely its ra te of return and its volatility. Second section identifies the January effect. Section three provides an estimation of predictability using long-horizon regressions. For the purpose, monthly data of the stock indices starting from January, 1973 till December, 2004 is analyzed. 1. Time Series Analysis The rate of return is defined as the money earned on an investment (in stocks). Volatility is the measure of fluctuation in the asset (stock) prices. Mean and variance of rate of return and volatility is used to characterize a stock [2]. Curve of distribution of data is measured by Skewness and Kurtosis of the graph. A normal distribution curve is bell shaped symmetric around the mean. A positively skewed distribution is skewed to right. Skewness is measured as 3rd movement of mean. A Kurtosis is a measure of flatness of the top of the graph. Larger value of degree of kurtosis would mean sharper peak [11]. The rate of return of the indices was analyzed against time. The volatility of th e market was also measured. The rate of return was measured as the difference of natural log of the monthly index value. Volatility was measured as the standard deviation of rate of return of the market in a year. Each Index was characterized by its mean of rate of return and its variance of rate of return and volatility. [3] Rate of return Volatility Mean (ln values) Variance Skewness Kurtosis Mean (ln values) Variance Skewness Kurtosis UK 0.010753 0.0034 -0.18 7.31 0.053 0.000682 0.94 1.65 US 0.008991 0.0022 -0.95 6.35 0.043 0.000313 0.72 0.90 The result showed that rate of return on was higher in UK index than in US index by around 20%. Also, the UK market was around 23% more volatile than the US market. Variance of rate of return and volatility showed that UK market was more spread than US stocks. High degree of kurtosis for rate of return of the UK and the US stocks suggested sharp peak of the distribution graph. From degree of kurtosis it could be inferred that volatility was not restricted to certain range of stock return values but was spread over a long value range of returns. It is to be noted that in 31 years starting from Jan 1973, US market grew from 98.66 to 3087.82 (31X) in Dec 2004, while the UK markets grew from 319.53 to 19639.99 (61X) in the same period. Distribution of rate of return data was left tailed for both US and UK stocks while distribution of volatility data was right tailed for both the stocks.

OLD DOMINION TRAIL BIKES Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

OLD DOMINION TRAIL BIKES Case Study - Essay Example III. Ted also tries to get good deals from his suppliers so he can realize a good margin on his bikes and accessory sales and repairs. Ted therefore looks for situations where suppliers have got more bikes in a line than they need and buys those bikes at a discount for rentals and low-ends sales while at the same time maintaining a rapport with end suppliers so that he can offer his customers the best at reasonable prices. III. The other vital process is operational process which spells out what should be done at any particular moment of the day and by who. Technology would assist by increasing efficiency in the business as well as assisting employees to manage their duties well (Qingyu, 2007). 4. Ted could make use of the internet by utilizing the following two other ways; first he could start selling his wares such as helmets, speedometers, online. In this case he would be very sensitive by using pricing as an e-business concept and thus he should be very wary of the competition and what they have in store. Ted should therefore price his wares strategically so that he can get customers Secondly Ted could also make use of the internet for researching purposes. This is what is known as value proposition and assists in describing the value that the given company provides to its customers as well as many others. He would research on what is most required by customers and the latest trends so that he can satisfy them. 5. Supply chain basically means the management of the way goods flow through an organization. Thus for Ted the flow of his products from the manufacturers to his stores and afterwards to the final consumer can effectively be manned by SCM. Thus SCM involves making a product from various parts bought from suppliers, and later on selling those products to consumers. Thus Ted could reap a lot of benefits from SCM by planning how the services(repairs, rentals) or goods(bikes, helmets, etc) he is selling will meet the

An Essay on Foraging Societies

An Essay on Foraging Societies Foraging society forms the oldest and the more basic political system of people- the band societies. For more than 1 million years, these people from hunter-gathering societies sustain their living doing this. The contemporary hunter/ gatherers form a small group or population of people with little density and nomadic type of living. Foragers remain egalitarian because they live in close kinship relations with others. They were tied with relations and they formed groups of unity. That is the reason why they exchange commodities or services among each other. The wealth circulated among themselves. This created an egalitarian group, where there were no great differences between people. An example of a foraging society, residing in the Kalahari Desert, is the society of King San or the Bushmen. They gather fruits, berries, melons, and nuts. It is estimated that women gather the food and the overall time spend on gathering is 2 or 3 days out of one week. Men from the tribe spend their spare time in performing rituals, resting or entertaining. They reside in Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. An example of a foraging society in the tropical rain forests is the Mbuti Pygmies. In the gathering process everyone of the group is involved, even children- male pick up elephants, wild pigs and other animals, while females gather the vegetation. The third group of foragers dwells in the arctic regions where vegetation was scarce. Eskimos, the local people, hunt sea mammals (whales, seals) and value a lot the undigested vegetation. For that reason, female did not specialize in gathering food. In the summer both males and females gathered larvae and maggots. Fissioning among foraging people eccurs, when under certain conditions( like overpopulation) there is a need of migration of some people, and their fragmentation into smaller groups of people. Sometimes the subsistence food can become scarce, and not enough for the entire population. Infanticide occurs when a mother deliberately kills a newly born child. The reason is that sometimes, woman cannot afford to meet the needs of the baby, or because the baby has some deformed physical features. The fertility rate among foraging people is very low. There may be several reasons for this. Females from the San people are for example very slim and they do not weight more than 80 pounds. This can postpone the menstruation. Their puberty comes later, the average age is 16 years-old, compared to the average age in the US- 12years-old. Most of the foraging groups do not differ in their economic state. They share the same economic system based on reciprocity, the exchange and sharing of goods, food, and services. It is called a Reciprocal Economic system. Most commonly, families exchange their food with other families from the group. It is defined that there are three types of reciprocity. The first one is called Generalized Reciprocity, which is based on the assumptions that there is no return in the exchange. In other words, people do not expect to have a return for they favor, or exchange of goods or services. For example, it is even insulting among some foraging group to say thank you, after they have given you food. We also have in our societies Generalized Reciprocity- when your parents buy you clothes or give you pocket money, they do not expect you to return anything to them back. This system creates more mutual trust and bounds better kin and relations. It also strengthens the egalitarian status of people. The second type of Reciprocity is the Balanced Reciprocity. It involves an exchange with immediate return. This system is more like bargain and trade. It is used by groups of people who in a far distance between them. In modern foraging groups this reciprocity is not very common, because most of them exchange values and goods among kin groups only. The third type is the Negative Reciprocity, which involves no reciprocity of all. It is an attempt to get an exchange or a deal without returning anything. According to Lee and DeVores work, foraging people like the San are affluent in terms of their allocated time spent on finding subsistence. They estimated that foraging people easily find food enough for a couple of days, and that foraging people have adequate and well balanced diet. They called them Leisure and Affluent people. They found that the average death rate is not high and the average age of people from those societies is the same as people from more developed industrialized societies. According to another anthropologist Sahlins, foraging people did not accumulate goods and food, because of their nomadic living, and that makes them not so materially obsessed. However, recent studies challenged the hypothesis mentioned above. They found that these facts to not apply to every forage group. For example in the rain forests people could not easily find some certain type of food immediately and spend more than 30 , 40 hours a week, searching for it. Furthermore, it is estimated that other activities, such as making weapons or preparing the food also involves much time. Those recent studies do not challenge entirely the previous hypothesis, but expand the relativity that comes from the geographic locations of people. The social organization of foraging people is based on kinship, marriage, family, gender and age. The family can be Nuclear, which includes parents and their immediate offspring. Band includes several Nuclear Families. A band can include from 20 to 100 individuals, depending on the environment capacity of subsistence of those people. Cross cousin marriage appears when a male is married to the fathers sisters daughter or his mothers brothers daughter. Patrilocal residence- when the married couple resides with the males father. Restricted marital exchange is the combination of patrilocal residence and cross cousin marriage, where two groups exchange the females to tight the kinship alliances. Brideservice is when male resides in a females band for a period of time. Matrilocal residence- the husband lives with the brides family. Inuit tradition is the wife exchange where male individuals have sexual intercourse with each others wives. Egalitarian status of men is more common than the equal status of females in foraging group, compared to people from other societies. Patriarchal- when male dominates in political and social aspects. Gender and Age are important factors in evaluating the labor division. They vary between societies to societie and determine the social stratification and hierarchy. The warfare and violence in modern foraging societies differ from the past foraging socities. There are now lower at rate. Most of the problems that individual resolves are connected to relations between adultery.

Effective Literary Elements in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Essay

Effective Literary Elements in Wuthering Heights      Ã‚  Ã‚   Critics analyze and examine Wuthering Heights to obtain a deeper understanding of the message that Emily Bronte wants to convey. By focusing on the different literary elements of fiction used in the novel, readers are better able to understand how the author successfully uses theme, characters, and setting to create a very controversial novel in which the reader is torn between opposite conditions of love and hate, good and evil, revenge and forgiveness in   Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights. There is no doubt that the use of conflictive characters such as Catherine Earnshaw, Heathcliff, and Edgar, with their interactions in the two different settings creates an excellent background for a doomed love story.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The central theme of Wuthering Heights is a love story that challenges the established social rules in which the protagonists, Catherine and Heathcliff have lived; it is a story that survives the unfortunate choices that both lovers make and even mystically survives Catherine's death.   The protagonists fall in love despite the opposition of   Hindley Earnshaw.   Catherine's attraction for Heathcliff is so strong that she feels compelled go against her brother's wishes and the social class conventions existing at that time. However, after courting for a while, Catherine makes the tragic decision of accepting Edgar Linton's proposal for marriage. This decision brings about a conflictive situation between Heathcliff and both the Earnshaws and the Lintons. One day, Heathcliff overhears Catherine telling Nelly "It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now" (Bronte 59). This comment enrages Heathcliff and he storms out of the house; ... ...to illustrate how humans shape their way to unhappiness by not addressing their true feelings.  Ã‚   However, in the end, young Catherine and Hareton are able to acknowledge their feelings and choose to be happy.   They finally obtain the happiness that has eluded the previous generation of these English houses - Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange -   as clearly shown in the movie version directed by Peter Kosminsky.      Works Cited Bronte, Emily.   Wuthering Heights. New York: Dover Thrift   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Editions, 1996. Charters, Ann, ed. The Story and Its Writer. 3rd ed. Boston:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   St. Martins, 1999. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. Dir. Peter Kosminsky.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perf. Julliette Binoche, Ralph Fiennes, Sophie Ward,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simon Shepherd and Jeremy Northam. 5 Star Cinema.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bravo Special Presentation. Videocassette. 2002.   

Develop Health and Safety and Risk Management Policies Essay

An act is passed by Parliament, which is the highest form of law in the land. An act of parliament is the primary legislation of the UK. A law is considered to be an act when it has already been duly passed by a legislative body. It is for this reason that certain acts vary from one state to another. A regulation, on the other hand, is one that is approved by a group of individuals based on an act that has already been passed. These regulations are based on the act that has been approved and served as a means to make the act a lot easier to follow and adhere to. Delegated or secondary legislation allows the Government to make changes to the law using powers confered by an Act of Parliament. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 , also referred to as HSWA, HSW Act or HASAWA, is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in Great Britain. The Health and Safety Executive with local authorities (and other enforcing authorities) is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment. General duties of the act: †¢ To maintain or improve standards of health and safety at work, to protect other people against risks arising from work activities, to control the storage and use of dangerous substances and to control certain emissions into the air. †¢ Contains the duties placed upon employers with regard to their employees. †¢ Places duties on employers and the self-employed to ensure their activities do not endanger anybody (with the self-employed that includes themselves), and to provide information, in certain circumstances, to the public about any potential hazards. †¢ Places a duty on those in control of premises, which are non-domestic and used as a place of work, to ensure they do not endanger those who work within them. †¢ Places duties on manufacturers, suppliers, designers, importers etc. in relation to articles and substances used at work. †¢ Places duties upon employees. †¢ Places a duty on everyone not to intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of health, safety and welfare. †¢ Provides that an employer may not charge his employees for anything done, or equipment provided for health and safety purposes under a relevant statutory provision. It also establishes the Health & Safety Commission (HSC) and Executive (HSE), lays out the systems for enforcing the act, including the penalties for breaches of law and is the source of Crown immunity. The Health and Safety Commission (HSC) is responsible for health and safety regulation in Great Britain. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (and local authorities) are the enforcing authorities who work in support of the HSC. Both are statutory bodies, established under the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (the HSW Act). HSC’s statutory functions include conducting and sponsoring research; promoting training; providing an information and advisory service; and submitting proposals to Ministers for new or revised regulations and approved codes of practice. HSE advises and assists HSC and has specific statutory responsibilities of its own, notably for enforcing health and safety law. Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (amended 2003) These Regulations require an employer to implement preventive and protective measures on the basis of general principles of prevention set out in EU legislation. There is also a new regulation requiring that a competent person in the employer’s employment shall be appointed for the purpose of assisting him in undertaking the measures he needs to take to comply with the requirements and prohibitions imposed upon him by or under statutory provisions (not one who is not in his employment as in previous legislation). Employers must also arrange any necessary contacts with external services, especially as regards first-aid, emergency medical care and rescue work, that might be needed. In the event of failure to comply with these Regulations, it is not an adequate defence that it was caused by his employee or by any other. RIDDOR 1995 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations It places a legal duty on employers, the self-employed and those in control of premises to report some work-related accidents, diseases and dangerous occurrences to the relevant enforcing authority for their work activity. This can be the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or one of the local authorities. Responsible persons are generally employers but also include various managers and occupiers of premises. Though the regulations do not impose a specific obligation on employees, they have a general obligation under section 7 of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 to take care of safety. The Health and Safety Executive recommends that they report incidents to their employer and encourages voluntary notification to the relevant regulating authority. COSSH 1994 (amended 2002) COSHH is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to health. You can prevent or reduce workers exposure to hazardous substances by: †¢ finding out what the health hazards are †¢ deciding how to prevent harm to health †¢ providing control measures to reduce harm to health †¢ making sure they are used †¢ keeping all control measures in good working order †¢ providing information, instruction and training for employees and others †¢ providing monitoring and health surveillance in appropriate cases †¢ planning for emergencies Most businesses use substances, or products that are mixtures of substances. Some processes create substances. These could cause harm to employees, contractors and other people. Sometimes substances are easily recognized as harmful. Common substances such as paint, bleach or dust from natural materials may also be harmful. Manual Handling Operations 1992 This is defined, in Regulation 2, as ‘any transporting or supporting of a load (including the lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or by bodily force. The regulations apply to all work that involves carrying or holding loads such as lifting boxes, packing goods, or pushing or pulling trolleys. They specify all factors employers must consider if they employ manual workers. These include whether manual tasks involve awkward movements, moving loads over long distances, holding goods that are difficult to grasp and the capabilities of the worker. Employers are required to provide adequate training to staff on safe handling and lifting techniques relevant to the task. Manual handling is a major source of injury and the HSE have provided a lot of supporting materials and guidance for employers on how to minimize the risks involved in MH operations. Food Safety Act 1990 The Food Safety Act 1990 is wide-ranging legislation on food safety and consumer protection in relation to food throughout Great Britain. The Act covers activities throughout the food distribution chain, from primary production through distribution to retail and catering. It gives the Government powers to make regulations on matters of detail. The Food Standards Agency is the principal Government Department responsible for preparing specific regulations under the Act. The main aims of the Act are: †¢ to ensure that all food meets consumers expectations in terms of nature, substance and quality and is not misleadingly presented; †¢ to provide legal powers and specify offences in relation to public health and consumers’ interest; and †¢ to enable Great Britain to fulfill its part of the United Kingdoms’ responsibilities in the European Union. Food Hygiene Regulations 2006 The way in which you achieve the following points depends on the individual setting. Whichever policy you have, it should firstly include a written statement that outlines your food safety procedures, and secondly be reviewed at regular intervals. You should always bear in mind that it has been developed to encourage businesses put in place food safety management procedures, and to comply with food hygiene regulations. It applies to everyone who works in the food business, from owners and managers right through to food handling staff. Businesses can range from a supermarket, cafe, pub, mobile food stall, exclusive restaurant, right through to a school dining area. All sectors are covered including; caterers, primary producers (such as farmers), manufacturers, distributors and retailers. It relates to public or private organizations involved in any of the following activities; †¢ preparation of food †¢ processing of food †¢ manufacture of food †¢ packaging of food †¢ storage of food †¢ transportation/distribution of food †¢ handling of food †¢ Offering food for sale. Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order (FSO) 2005 The Order applies to virtually all buildings, places and structures other than individual private dwellings e.g. individual flats in a block or family homes, and it is your responsibility to make sure your workplace reaches the required standard and employees are provided with adequate fire safety training. The Fire Safety Order places the emphasis on risk reduction and fire prevention. Under the Order, people responsible for commercial buildings i.e. the employer, owner, or any other person who has control of any part of the premises, are required to carry out a mandatory detailed fire risk assessment identifying the risks and hazards in the premises.

The defining activities and principles of ethnographic research Essays

The defining activities and principles of ethnographic research Essays The defining activities and principles of ethnographic research Paper The defining activities and principles of ethnographic research Paper Essay Topic: Sociology The term ethnography relates to a specific method upon which a researcher goes through to understand a certain situation. These methods involve the ethnographer becoming interrelated either covertly (whereby the researcher does not let the participants know who they are; either they hide their identity or they observe from a far) or overtly (whereby researchers inform participants of who they are) with the people under investigation and within their daily lives. As Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson (2001) state, ethnography literally means a portrait of people, ethnography is a written description of a particular culture- the customs, beliefs and behaviour- based on information collected through fieldwork. This ethnographic method starts with a selection of the culture upon which they wish to observe and understand. The ethnographer then researchers this specific culture and identifies variables of interest, typically these will be variables perceived as significant by members of the culture. The ethnographer then has to decide how they will gain entrance, this is especially difficult when done within covert ethnography as there is pressure in whatever circumstance it is to not stand out and look like an intruder or ethnographer. It is not unusual for ethnographers to live within their chosen society for months or even years, yet it doesnt take long in most cases for the ethnographer to gain cultural immersion. The middle stages of ethnographic research rely on the ethnographer gaining as much information as possible; this can be done through a range of both qualitative data as well as quantitative. This is their fieldwork and is vital when carrying out such investigations. When they feel as though they have enough data, or that staying within such a society wouldnt benefit their research anymore they leave, they then use their field work for their data analysis and theory development whereby the ethnographer strives to avoid theoretical preconceptions. As the ethnographer often gets very involved in the research, rich qualitative data can be yielded from ethnography, but as this type of research needs to be gained over a long period of time and can often invite an array of different opinions, other research methods may be used within the study, therefore quantitative data can be gained from methods such as questionnaires, interviews, experiments and observations. This specific form of social research can be identified as triangulation as it combines different methods so that the strengths of one complement the weaknesses of the other. There are a range of different types of ethnography not just that of covert and overt methods. Micro and Macro ethnography tends to study the narrowly or broadly defined cultural groupings. Whereas Emic and Etic ethnography is considered a research approach to the way in which members or non-members perceive and interpret behaviours and phenomena associated with a given culture. There are a number of documentaries that have been broadcast across our television screens recently whereby ethnographic research has been the main focus. Journalists have particularly taken to ethnographic research as it gives more depth and intensity to their so called stories and interests the public greatly. Donal MacIntyre for example has managed to make a career out of ethnographic research, as he has covertly managed to fool people in to believing that he is not a journalist and is therefore one of them. His research method has in many circumstances worked very well as he has managed to prove a variety of things that could not have been done overtly. One of Donal MacIntyres most famous and well recognised ethnographic study was in 1999. He wanted to show the public just how dangerous football hooligans are and how much they relish violence. In just eighteen months Donal MacIntyre infiltrated the Chelsea Head-Hunters (the hooligan firm for Chelsea football team) with the help of hidden cameras and recording equipment, the results were just what he wanted. In preparation for this ethnographic study MacIntyre had to watch hours of Chelsea videos and had to leaf through pages of literature to enable him to become culturally immersed within the hooligans. He pretended to be a drug dealer, and a very successful one at that. He moved into the same block of flats as the main ring leader of the Head-hunters and even hired out a i 45,000 Mercedes to look the part. Donal MacIntyre was born in Ireland so for eighteen months he had to loose his accent. To get involved he started to take the Head-hunters to away games, he slowly became one of them and at one point even ended up in a fight at one of the football matches with them, he stated in his documentary that it was real. He got very badly hurt, yet he was getting what he needed from the investigation so decided to carry on. He even went to the extremes of having a Chelsea tattoo on his arm for authenticity, which he is now getting removed. Sitting in Donals i 45,000 Mercedes on more than one occasion was Andrew Frain (nicknamed nightmare) who boast on the documentary about slashing an off duty police officer. He also spent one particular journey to a football match with Leicester on the phone arranging a 150 man riot. Within in all ethnographic research, observation is one of the main methods upon which a sociologist or ethnographer can collect their fieldwork. Yet, they do not just observe people as and when they need to decide when and where to observe people and to actually observe the specific things that relate to the investigation. With such an immense study it is often difficult to keep the fieldwork observations completely related to the specific variables of interest. In Donal MacIntyres case he took the role of becoming a complete participant, whereby he took a very highly active and involved participation within the group being examined, the Head-hunters. (Fulcher Scott,Sociology,2nd edition, p88) Although this may seem easy, it is very difficult to actually gain the information needed as it is difficult to ask questions or raise specific issues that would make it obvious that the researcher is not a participant. Therefore the researcher has to remain within the role and sometimes can get so involved within it that it is difficult for them to then be able to analyse the findings. Also without recording equipment it may be difficult to remember everything before you get the chance to write it down, also with a recording you can replay it as many times as you like and get different opinions upon it yet without this your evidence is subject to watch you saw, which can lead to a bias view. Donal MacIntyre stated that the very difficult eighteen month investigation was traumatic and very scary. Donal spoke of his fear for life on many occasions. As the documentary was aired on the BBC, the police had the evidence to arrest two of the main ring leaders of the Chelsea Head-hunters. One was jailed for seven years and one was jailed for six and they both have been banned from attending football matches for twenty years. Through this specific ethnographic investigation Donal managed to gain evidence and information on an aspect that the Head-hunters would have not been willing to discuss elsewhere. The Head-hunters didnt feel the need to lie as they may have in an interview for example as they assumed that Donal was their friend. As Donal gained an insider status he had access to their so called native language. However, although this type of methodology was considered the most efficient when getting truthful, reliable and valuable information, it has had its consequences upon Donal. Since the investigation Donal has received a number of death threats, his car has been spray painted, he has been mugged and beaten up and he now lives in constant fear within a safe-house. This shows the extremes and amount of work people are prepared to go through to get the result they want. Donal MacIntyre has put his own safety aside as he wanted to prove to the public what hooliganism was really like. Ethnographic research is a method which involves so many different types of research; therefore it is considered that it is a very good way of investigating cases which are not just a yes or no answer. Although some people state that covert ethnography is wrong as you are leading people to believe you are somebody that you are not, many sociologists view is that the only way you are able to get a reliable result is through being covert, because people will always try to make themselves sound or look better if they know they are being investigated, whether they mean to or not.

The eNotes Blog The Truth About Youth andBooks

The Truth About Youth andBooks Young people today just dont read enough, right? If youre under the age of 30, youve probably been accused of this at some point in your life. In fact, it seems that every upcoming generation is stereotyped as lazier than the one that came before it. Weve all overheard the same complaints: always up to no good with their fancy devices, always at their computers or watching too much TV. Why, back in my day You know the drill. In the end both sides come to believe that kids in the old days were both more capable of entertaining themselves and  walked uphill both ways while they did it. But what if the public perception of youth culture is just a little bit wrong? What if young people actually turned out to be the age group that reads the most, and frequents the library the most? Could that be? A survey conducted by Pew Research Center aimed to find out the truth about youth and books. Their results show that not only do 18-24 year-olds read more than any other age group, but that many are more open to it because of the availability of e-readers and e-books. So before you curse the decline of print publishing, think of how it might serve the next generation of iPad, Kindle, and Nook readers, and read on to find out more about the Pew Centers findings.

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Business Ethics - Essay Example This immoral and illegal policy of Great Benefits against its policyholders eventually took its toll when one of its policyholders died when Great Benefits denied the coverage of bone marrow transplant which could have saved his life. This resulted for Rudy Baylor to file a lawsuit against the company. In addition to this already immoral and fraudulent policy of Great Benefits, it also showed no sense of business ethic when it still kept on accepting new policy holders despite its inability to keep its obligation of coverage to its clients. The company is already incurring massive debts and its strategy of accepting more clients to keep the company afloat showed business callousness because Great Benefits never intended to cover them in case they will file for claim. In effect, Great Benefits is toying with its policyholders fate just to keep its business afloat. Great Benefits insurance did not incorporate itself as an insurance company to deliberately defraud its policy holders. For sure, just like any other companies, it must had some lofty ideals to serve its policyholders only that certain circumstances forced it to chose course of business actions that are not only deemed immoral, but illegal as well. What happened to Great Benefits was that it did not have enough capital reserve to cover the claims of its policyholders. It was burdened with debt that made its financial position to settle obligations precarious. Instead of making a loan to increase its capital reserve, Great Benefits opted to take the easier alternative, albeit immoral and illegal, to take in more policyholders to keep itself afloat financially. The first policy that I will devise is how to avoid such unethical, immoral and illegal act from ever happening again. I issue a policy that for a certain number of policyholders, there should be a corresponding

From relative isolation to international role Essay

From relative isolation to international role - Essay Example The term ‘Imperialism’ is normally used when a nation enters into another geographical territory and captures its governance, with the intention to dominate it and also to tap from it. The late 19th – early 20th century was characterized by the spread of imperialism in the world. The US incorporated imperialism in its foreign policies to expand its political and economic influences. They did that through its involvement in the World Wars and also through other initiatives in the first half of the 20th century. This wish of US to play a prominent international role continued primarily after 1950’s, with its confrontation with Soviet Union through Cold War, Cuban Missile crisis, Vietnam War, Afghan War and with its involvement in the Middle-East, etc, etc. Importantly because of those actions, its role in the international affairs got strengthened and so US continues to play a major International role. Naturally, in such a situation the countries against whom those imperialistic policies were followed were affected and importantly even the American citizens were also affected because of US’ international role. The wish to expand the borders through imperialism rose in the minds of the US mainly to keep the country in top ranks. It all started with its indirect confrontation with Spain in foreign territories like Philippines in the late part of 19th century. That is, with many European countries particularly Britain, Spain, Netherlands, France, etc., expanding their influence throughout the world through their imperialist policies, America not to be left behind started exhibiting imperialistic policies to garner many territories. However, America did not engage in any confrontation with imperialistic mindset against the British, but they did engage against Spain. The Spanish–American War happened mainly because of American involvement in the Cuban War of Independence, and

Clifford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Clifford - Essay Example Evidential theory was therefore seen as an attempt to disrupt the peoples believes in God, because it justified an action basing on the existence of an evidence to support the claim. The position of this paper, is that the theory of evidentialism is the best method of justifying the occurrences of events and a belief in a deity. Arguments: According to the theory of evidentialism, an individual needs to believe an issue or an idea only if there is sufficient evidence that proves the issue or idea is correct. Clifford (2) argues that there is no justification for an individual to believe on a claim or idea without observing any sufficient evidence. According to Clifford (2) this kind of a person violates the law that regulates the ethics of belief. On the other hand, Clifford also argues that when the evidence is sufficient enough to prove a claim, and people still do not believe a claim, then these people are also guilty of breaching the laws that regulate the ethics of belief (Cliff ord, 7). On this basis, it is important to denote that belief has a law, and the main tenet of this law lies on the existence of an evidence. Clifford (1) effectively manages to use the example of a ship owner for purposes of explaining and justifying his theories of evidentialism. For instance, Clifford denotes that a ship owner failed to observe the laws that govern the ethics of belief by allowing his ship to sail, when he had doubts over the capability of the same ship to make a voyage. The ship under consideration was old, and needed many repairs (Clifford, 2). Despite these facts, the ship owner decided to allow the ship to make a voyage, just because the same ship had made many successful voyages before, and in the same condition. This, in Clifford’s view is against the laws that govern and regulate the ethics of belief. On this basis therefore, the ship owner was wrong, and it doesn’t matter whether the voyage was successful or not. From his explanations, we ca n denote that Clifford was of the opinion that the ship owner had an option of carrying out an investigation to prove on the ability of the ship to make a voyage. This is by making the necessary repairs, and having experts to examine its capability. The ship owner comes under severe criticisms from Clifford, because his actions were based on faith and providence, and in Clifford’s opinion, these do not justify the belief of a claim (Clifford, 12). Clifford also gives an explanation of consciousnes

Case Method Essay Example for Free

Case Method Essay This introduction is intended to provide students with some basic information about the case method, and guidelines about what they must do to gain the maximum benefit from the method. We begin by taking a brief look at what case studies are, and how they are used in the classroom. Then we discuss what the student needs to do to prepare for a class, and what she can expect during the case discussion. We also explain how student performance is evaluated in a case study based course. Finally, we describe the benefits a student of management can expect to gain through the use of the case method. There is no universally accepted definition for a case study, and the case method means different things to different people. Consequently, all case studies are not structured similarly, and variations abound in terms of style, structure and approach. Case material ranges from small caselets (a few paragraphs to one-two pages) to short cases (four to six pages) and from 10 to 18 page case studies to the longer versions (25 pages and above). A case is usually a â€Å"description of an actual situation, commonly involving a decision, a challenge, an opportunity, a problem or an issue faced by a person or persons in an organization. 1 In learning with case studies, the student must deal with the situation described in the case, in the role of the manager or decision maker facing the situation. An important point to be emphasized here is that a case is not a problem. A problem usually has a unique, correct solution. On the other hand, a decision-maker faced with the situation described in a case can choose between several alternative courses of action, and each of these alternatives may plausibly be supported by logical argument. To put it simply, there is no unique, correct answer in the case study method. The case study method usually involves three stages: individual preparation, small group discussion, and large group or class discussion. While both the instructor and the student start with the same information, their roles are clearly different in each of these stages, as shown in Table 1. 1 Michiel R. Leeenders, Louise A. Mauffette-Launders and James Erskine, Writing Cases, (Ivey Publishing, 4th edition) 3. l Learning with Cases Table 1 Teacher and Student Roles in a Regular Case Class When Before Class Teacher Assigns case and often readings Prepares for class May consult colleagues During Class After Class Deals with readings Leads case discussion Evaluates and records student participation Evaluates materials and updates teaching note Student or Participant Receives case and assignment Prepares individually Discusses case in small group Raises questions regarding readings Participates in discussion Compares personal analysis with colleagues’ analysis. Reviews class discussion for major concepts learned. Source: Michiel R. If the stick had the picture of a motorbike, the consumer was entitled to the second prize, a TVS motorbike. If the print portrayed a camera, the customer was entitled to the third prize, a Canon camera. The picture of an ice candy stick won the consumer, the consolation prize of a Feast Jaljeera Blast (actual jaljeera drink, in the form of an ice candy). In 2002, HLL launched an innovative, aggressive and the first of its kind promotional campaign called ‘Ek Din Ka Raja’ (EDKR). Unlike the previous product specific campaigns, EDKR covered the entire range of ice creams. Running from March 2002 to May 2002, EDKR was the biggest ever promotional campaign for Kwality Wall’s. The contest was awarded the Best Promotion Campaign in India award at the Promotion Marketing Awards of Asia (PMAA) in Singapore. The promotion also won two more awards in Asia a Silver for the ‘Best Idea or Concept’ and a Bronze for the ‘Best use of Direct Marketing’ out of 97 short listed entries from Singapore, India, 38 Unilever in India: Building the Ice Cream Business Philippines, China, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and Korea. 16 The total number of redemptions was close to a million, with each consumer spending a minimum of Rs. 100 to Rs. 125 per redemption. The EDKR contest entitled up to 10 lucky consumers to spend Rs 10 lakhs in a days shopping with their family in Mumbai. They

Planning Retirement Essay -- essays research papers

People of all ages should begin planning for retirement and managing their money well so they are ensured enough income when they do retire. Retirees estimate that people will need 71% of their pre-retirement income to maintain their current lifestyles. Stocks and 401(k) plans are recommended.FactsNonretired Americans with household incomes that average more than $50,000 assumes they won't be able to retire until age 59.More than a third of affluent retirees with children and grandchildren are helping to support them financially, as are 29% of all retirees. Also, nearly a quarter of all retirees whose parents are alive are helping them financially.Fully 48% of the affluent who aren't retired as well as of all people surveyed who aren't retired believe they have to work part time in retirement. Only 23% of well-off retirees and 16% of all retirees polled are working today.Affluent nonretirees estimate they'll need only 53% of their pre-retirement income to support their retirement lifestyles. But well-off retirees say they actually require fully 71%. Fully 25% of affluent nonretirees think it's likely they will run out of money before they die vs. only 12% of well-off retirees.Affluent retirees single biggest regret is failing to put more money in tax-deferred retirees said they invested the maximum the law permits, compared with only 48% of the affluent nonretirees polled.Strategies1. Figure out how much income you'll need in retirement. Retirees told us that to support ... Planning Retirement Essay -- essays research papers People of all ages should begin planning for retirement and managing their money well so they are ensured enough income when they do retire. Retirees estimate that people will need 71% of their pre-retirement income to maintain their current lifestyles. Stocks and 401(k) plans are recommended.FactsNonretired Americans with household incomes that average more than $50,000 assumes they won't be able to retire until age 59.More than a third of affluent retirees with children and grandchildren are helping to support them financially, as are 29% of all retirees. Also, nearly a quarter of all retirees whose parents are alive are helping them financially.Fully 48% of the affluent who aren't retired as well as of all people surveyed who aren't retired believe they have to work part time in retirement. Only 23% of well-off retirees and 16% of all retirees polled are working today.Affluent nonretirees estimate they'll need only 53% of their pre-retirement income to support their retirement lifestyles. But well-off retirees say they actually require fully 71%. Fully 25% of affluent nonretirees think it's likely they will run out of money before they die vs. only 12% of well-off retirees.Affluent retirees single biggest regret is failing to put more money in tax-deferred retirees said they invested the maximum the law permits, compared with only 48% of the affluent nonretirees polled.Strategies1. Figure out how much income you'll need in retirement. Retirees told us that to support ...

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay -- English Literature

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1886 as a 'shilling shocker' novella written by the young novelist Robert Louis Stevenson. At that time there was a surfeit of cheap horror novellas. Stevenson's novella was different because it explored the evil inside human kind. I will look into Victorian attitudes and how these influenced Victorian life. The cultural and historical context of the text is typical of the author but not his time because there was a contradiction between Science and religion and this novella scared people about possibilities of evil. Victorian values at this time were very strict and those people who broke them were looked down on in the social order. Jekyll was the perfect upright Victorian man, he was tall, well mannered, rich and had earned his place in society. Hyde on the other hand was short, ugly and evil. Because Jekyll is so good he needs something to take his mind off his "9 tenths life of relentless struggling and grinding". He created Hyde to do just that, to take his mind off and be evil and careless when he feels like it. This whole story line would have shocked a Victorian reader because of the paradox between religion and science. People were very duplicitous at this time because they all knew about the underground prostitution, drug-abuse and pornography, yet they did not talk about it or let their friends know about their drug habit or weekly trip to the brothel. ^his shows the corruption of the community and the fraudulent morals. In the text there are elements of thriller and horror. In chapter ten 'Henry Jekyll's Full Statement of The Case' there is a horrific description of Jekyll's transformation into Hyde. 'The most racking pan... ...sickliness of Jekyll. This means that the more Jekyll is disgusted at Hyde's actions, the more Hyde's powers of evil and destruction grow gradually stronger. Jekyll now wants out f the whole double life and plans to kill himself and Hyde as well. Henry Jekyll feels some remorse about leaving Hyde in the world. He says 'Will Hyde die on the scaffold? Or will he find the courage to release himself at the last moment? God knows; I am careless; this is my true hour of death, and then as I lay down my en, and proceed to seal up my confession, I bring the life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end. Her Henry Jekyll has ended his own life rather than see himself turn completely into Hyde. This novella has two morals; one is not to mess about with your body and not to indulge too heavily in anything because it turns out bad like the life of Henry Jekyll.

Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Essay

Team C has identified that the Human Resources Department of Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has primary system deficiencies with the information security and lack of information. The records are currently open to all system users, exposing personal information to the Internet through the public website. The requirements for updating the Human Resources operating system have been identified using a specification checklist for updating software for the department including payroll and accounting. Team C has gathered the business requirements to understand the needs of the Human Resources department. The department currently operates on an Apple iMac with 2 gigahertz, 350-megabyte hard drive wireless with Mac OS X including Leopard and Windows XP. All patient files are encrypted for storage using AES. Advanced Encryption Standard is highly secure using 256-bit AES encryption for sensitive data. The Human Resource department also needs to have their sensitive data secure. The Human Resources department performs many functions including all of the accounting for the hospital. The hospital accounting and finance needs to operate using a secure and sophisticated software system. Updating the software to be able to perform accounting records is crucial to determine the financial soundness of Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. Patient accounts and billing must be secure and the software to be modified and updated should be too easy to learn and work with. Further research needs to be conducted if off-the-shelf software should be purchased or if the software should be modified or developed specifically for the department. Marketing communication is relatively designed to sell the value and benefits of the project to the stakeholders, which includes the healthcare providers, insurance companies, and pharmacies that are willing to invest in an organization working towards an accessible, affordable healthcare system such as the one that will be provided by Fuller-Patton Community Hospital. Team C has chosen to use branding as the source of marketing communication since it is indeed known to be the most sophisticated. The primary purpose of branding is to establish an identity that conjures up a positive image (Mochal, 2007). Our purpose in implementing this new software system is to assure the stockholders with this positive image, reflection and emotion  when a person hears of the new product. In order for Team C to make sure that the positive image is captured we will need to ask one another some important questions such as:Will this new system require a change in the way people perform their jobs and will this project make the business workers nervous as a result of efficiencies that will ultimately require less people to do the same function? As long as Team C holds a steady stream of positive communication amongst one another during the implementation of this project for the Human Resource Department then the project will be successful and should help overcome any negative perceptions one may have about the project. As a marketing research strategy Team C should implement a survey or questioner on how consumers in the local and surrounding areas gather information regarding hospitals and healthcare, as well as to what type of documentation the consumers are getting the information from such as the Internet, family, newspapers, friends, television, radio and possible hospital pamphlets or flyers. Once the information from the survey or questionnaire is gathered it should supply us with the insight of just how much the consumer’s friends and families have on the organization and patient satisfaction. This will guide Team C into the direction that they need in order to come up with the best image to fit the needs of Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. Team C can also set their marketing research plans toward is employee satisfaction and increase administrative efficiency by implementing Magic Service Desk for the Human Resources department. Magic Service Desk has the ability to track all employee requests while providing him or her with instant answers to policies and procedure questions. This will be an instant way that Team C can improve Patton-Fuller’s organizational efficiency by automating the Human Resources processes and empowering all employees to help them with access to the knowledge base and retrieve the available FAQ’s that they so desperately need. Mochal, T. (2007). Use branding techniques to build a positive image for your project. BNET Business Network. Retrieved on 12 Oct 2008 from: http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-6162466.html

National Gallery of Victoria Essays

National Gallery of Victoria Essays National Gallery of Victoria Essay National Gallery of Victoria Essay The National Gallery of Victoria Name: Institution: Table of Contents Topic Page 1.0 Introduction 3 1.1 Operational Description 3 1.2 Opening Hours and Facilities 3 Classification of Attraction 3 1.3 Significance 4 1.4 Model 4 1.5 Research Questions 4 1.6 Hypothesis 4 2.1 Artwork in the National Gallery of Victoria 4 2.2 Cultural Tourism in Australia 5 2.3 Motivations for Tourists in Cultural Tourism 6 2.4 Art Promotion in NGV 6 3.0 Conclusion 6 The National Gallery of Victoria Introduction Aim This paper aims to analyze the National Gallery of Victoria and its contribution to the growth of cultural tourism in Australia. The research will examine the current growth in cultural tourism, the motivations of cultural tourists and the efforts of the National Gallery to not only promote indigenous but also contemporary art. Operational Description The National Gallery of Victoria has two branches. The first branch is NGV International that is located in Southbank along St Kilda road. The second branch is the Ian Potter centre at the federation square. The two galleries are just several miles apart within Melbourne. The NGV primarily depends on donated funds from wealthy citizens as well as donated pieces of art. The management of the National Gallery of Victoria consists of an executive management team and a council of trustees (â€Å"People Projects† 2013). The executive management is made up of three directors. Tony Ellwood is the director assisted by Andrew Clark. The third person in the executive management is the Assistant director Dr. Isobel Crombie. The council of Trustees is made up of eight people who assist in the running of the NGV. It also relies on several corporate sponsors and partners including Mercedes Benz, Macquarie, Ernst Young, Qantas, Sofitel luxury hotels among others. Opening Hours and Facilities NGV international is open to the public every day except Tuesday from 10am to 5pm. It is also open on all public holidays except Christmas and Good Friday. On ANZAC day, it opens at 1pm. Other facilities in the museum also have opening and closing hours. The NGV shop and the gallery kitchen are open from 10am to 5pm except on Tuesdays. No facility within the museum is open on Tuesday. The Tearoom and the members lounge each open from 10am to 4:30pm. The Persimmon opens from 11am to 4pm. The Ian Potter Centre is closed on all Mondays and no facilities within operate during that day. The opening hours fro the Ian Potter Centre are 10am to 5pm and like the NGV international is closed on Christmas Day and Good Friday and opens at 1pm on ANZAC Day. The NGV shops in the centre however is the only facility that opens daily from 10am to 5pm. The crossbar cafe and the members lounge are closed on Monday. The Persimmon is a dining area where visitors can order and take lunch. Visitors take tea , cakes and other light food in the tearoom. The Gallery kitchen at NGV provides visitors with the opportunity to grab a casual lunch. The crossbar cafe at the Ian Potter offers visitors with an area to take a break and enjoy light snacks. Classification of Attraction The National Gallery of Victoria is classified as an art and culture museum (NGV). The museum can be categorized among the heritage and to a minimal extent the creative tourism categories. The NGV can be related to the aboriginal-European contact eras since it holds far much more art pieces about the history and culture of the aborigines than any other museum. The Ian Potter centre especially, holds a lot of artwork on indigenous Australian culture hence its relevance to this period. The NGV is both a visitor attraction and a tourist attraction. Using Gunn’s model the nucleus of the NGV is the International museum building. The stained glass ceiling and the water wall entrance give the visitor a cultural and unique feeling. The inviolate belt is the surrounding grounds, the Grimwade gardens that give the exterior of the museum a unique ancient look. The zone of closure is the Melbourne arts precinct that offers a wide array of art related facilities. St Kilda Road also assists in accessibility. The Federation square parking lot offers ample parking space for visitors. The visitor experience is great. NGV staff politely guide and direct visitors and their issues are attended to promptly. NGV staffs are trained to communicate with visitors using different languages. Tours can be organized in different languages with provision for audio-described tours. Visitors can communicate with the administration through the phone or via email in case of any issue. Significance During recent times, there has been a growing interest in native Australian and aboriginal art. Tourists have been streaming into Australia not only to sample its fascinating scenery but also to learn about the diverse and rich culture and tradition of the Australian people. The National Gallery of Victoria has been one of the major destinations for tourists wanting to learn more about Australian culture. Finding out about the gallery’s contribution to the growth and appreciation of art will create awareness on the part of both stakeholders and the authorities on the importance of sustaining and maintaining museums and other heritage attractions. Model The research took a quantitative direction where observations were made and primary data on the National Gallery of Victoria collected. The observation involved visiting the Gallery and recording important information on the pieces in store, the activities taking place and the visitors. In addition, secondary data from magazine and journal articles, books and other recorded information on the gallery were also relied on for more information. The information gathered was compiled for the research. Research Questions This research aims to answer two main questions; 1. How does the Nation Gallery of Victoria enhance the study of historical Australian art? 2. How does the museum contribute to the appreciation of both indigenous and international artwork? Hypothesis In view of the above research aims and questions, the aims of this research were to prove the two research purposes outlined. The two hypotheses are outlined as follows: Null Hypotheses; The National Gallery of Victoria inhibits the study of aboriginal art The museum does not contribute to the appreciation of artwork Alternative Hypotheses; The Gallery enhance the study of aboriginal art The gallery contributes to the appreciation of art and cultural tourism. Artwork in the National Gallery of Victoria The NGV is a great source of information on artwork and art pieces drawn from historical and modern eras. The arts student, teacher and curious fanatic can access all sorts of varied and diverse artwork from the gallery. The national gallery of Victoria has a collection of varied artwork ranging from Australian, European to Asian art for diverse periods. International art pieces are held in the original museum while the Australian artwork was moved to the Ian Potter Art Center. NGV’s Australian collection consists of Indigenous art, impressionist painting, and paintings from the colonial period and contemporary art collections since the beginning of the twentieth century. The NGV boasts over 65,000 pieces of art ranging from many centuries ago. Some of the art pieces in NGV’s collection can be found online (about 18540 artworks). Interested art enthusiast can search the internet for artwork and collections rather than visit the museum in person. Australian artwork in ex hibition at the gallery includes paintings, drawings and multimedia. There are also pieces on Australian photography, sculptures and decorative arts. The museum is therefore a great source of information on not only modern Australian art but also ancient art. For the international arts enthusiast the NGV displays a large number of international art pieces. It is a one-stop center for all stakeholders’ art needs. The museum hosts a large collection of European art including photography, fashion items, drawing and prints, Mesoamerican art, Asian art and sculptures and antiquities drawn from all over the world. Its collections vary across Greek, European and Egyptian classics. The international collection in NGV is touted as one of the largest and most extensive in Australia. One of the highlights of the NGV’s international collection is its acquisition of an ancient painting by an Italian painter known as Corregio. Corregio was one of the most prominent personalities during the Italian Renaissance. His painting â€Å"Madonna and child† was purchased by NGV for its 150th birthday and is the most expensive single artifact ever acquired by NGV. From its rich collection and increasing improvement of its art pieces, the NGV has largely contributed to the development of artwork in Australia. Cultural Tourism in Australia Many cultural tourists in Australia visit the country to explore its rich and diverse aboriginal art and culture. Aboriginal art is indigenous Australian art made and created by Australians and affiliated people. Scholars show differing opinion on the comprehensive definition of cultural tourism. According to Hossain, Heaney and Carter (2005), cultural tourism is a kind of tourism where people visiting participate in one or two cultural events such as visiting heritage buildings and art galleries. Dallen Timothy (2011) divides cultural tourism into two; physical and abstract tourism. He says that physical cultural tourism encompasses objects such as artwork, paintings and heritages sites while abstract encompasses things such as music and language. Douglas et al. (2001) give a more comprehensive definition of cultural tourism. He explains that cultural tourism involves various aspects of culture such as learning about culture and participating in culture. Aboriginal art has rich cult ural, religious and mysterious meanings. Paintings and rock art show a great mastery of art and reveal significant cultural information on native Australian people. Aboriginal art gas a deeper meaning vested in ancient native customs, myths and beliefs (Finley 2008). Aboriginal art has been the focus of Australia’s tourism sector for many years. Visitors from within Australia and abroad have generated an interest in the cultural history of aboriginal Australia. Australia boasts of a huge and diverse cultural heritage with the interest in art increasing over the years. According to Foo and Rossetto (1998), cultural tourism all over the world has been increasing at a high rate in the past several decades. Australia itself has registered an increased number of people coming to visit its cultural heritage sites such as NGV to enjoy the variety of artwork. Tourists visit cultural sites to learn more and understand the culture of the Australian people. According to Carol Finley (20 08), aboriginal art is an interesting way to learn about the lifestyle of the Australian people. The number of international cultural tourist to Australia has increased over the years with their participation in cultural events also increasing (Hossain, Heaney and Carter 2005). Cultural tourism is thus an integral part of the country’s tourism sector attracting a large number of tourists every year. According to the Australian council for the Arts (2013), about fifty percent of all the tourists that visit Australia every year are cultural tourists. There is no dispute as to the appealing nature of aboriginal art as can be confirmed from this information. Aboriginal art has been influential in enhancing tourism with tourists attracted to a different cultural heritage site every time. Motivations for Tourists in Cultural Tourism There has been an influx of tourists into Australia in recent years. The number of domestic as well as international tourists has spiraled with statistics showing a rising trend in visitors in the tourism sector (Hossain, Heaney and Carter 2005). Several factors have been proposed to explain why there has been an increased trend in cultural tourism in Australia. A tourism survey conducted by Tourism Research Australia showed that majority of cultural tourists visit heritage and historical sites (61%) followed by museums and art galleries (57%). Among all these visitors, museums were cited as the most popular sites (â€Å"Australian Council of Arts 2013). These statistics reveal a certain preference of cultural heritage and cultural art by both foreign and domestic tourists. Douglas et al. (2001) outline several factors that act as a motivation for cultural tourists. Among the factors they cite includes a change in the preferences of tourists. According to their book, tourists are g etting used to the complex non-cultural tourism and area seeking simple and less packaged kinds of tourism (p.119). Cultural tourism provides this simple type of tourism because it provides for effective communication and interaction unlike wildlife tours. Another explanation of the increasing popularity of cultural tourism is the emergence of a different kind of tourist. Tourists have evolved and modern day tourists want experiences that are intellectually beneficial and educative (Douglas, N., Douglas, N., Derrett, R., 2001). Other kinds of tourism do not offer this kind of experience. Cultural tourism enables the tourist to interact and learn about cultural meanings and explanations. The cultural tourist therefore earns the opportunity to be more aware and culturally educated than before. Another explanation for the change in preferences is the notion that cultural tourism provides the tourist with a different kind of experience. The cultural tourist gets to enjoy new and more i nteresting tourism aspects rather than the old and relatively monotonous ones (Smith, 2009, p.33). The above factors show the increasing popularity of cultural/heritage tourism in Australia. Cultural heritage has become an influential factor in the understanding of art in the modern world. Its educative aspect as well as its popularity has made it among the best tools that can be used to understand indigenous culture. Art Promotion in the NGV The NGV has long demonstrated a desire to promote local art in Australia. The museum is dedicated to promoting knowledge and awareness about historical artwork as well as promoting new and young talent in contemporary art (â€Å"National Gallery of Victoria† 2013). The workshops and classes organized by the NGV engage the students in educative lessons and programs on the collections and exhibitions in the museum. These sessions are held every week with museum authorities providing for an activity for kids, interactive and educative talks, a performance or film and an interesting practical workshop. The art gallery also provides programs for schools and classes for little children. The emphasis on education by the NGV authorities can also be seen in their recent construction of a gallery for training on artistic work (Boland, 2013). In this room, adults and children converge to practice their painting and drawing skills. The authorities have also emphasized on increased interac tion and engagement between museum staff and visitors. Staffs are required to be knowledgeable about artwork and to carry out their duties diligently. Tourists and gallery visitors can therefore be assured of an educative experience. Conclusion The National Gallery of Victoria is a museum facility rich in cultural and artistic pieces of art. The museum has been instrumental in the promotion of arts education among art, culture lovers and tourists. Through its wide array of cultural and indigenous Australian art, the museum attracts a large number of tourists and locals every year. Its concentric structure accentuates its purpose as a cultural and heritage museum hence the large number of tourists. The museum contributes to tourist education and contemporary art development through a myriad of programs aimed at developing talent and art. The museums extensive display of aboriginal art also plays an important role in attracting art lovers who prefer cultural tourism because of its educative nature and intellectualism. The museum is thus an important source of visitor and tourist education on art issues as well as indigenous and contemporary cultural art. Bibliography Acker, T, 2008, ‘Aboriginal Art: It’s a Complicated Thing’, Artlink, 28 (3), Viewed 25 April 2013, Acker writes about the mystery and message of aboriginal art and its appeal to those who are curious. This article helps in clearly understanding the aspects of aboriginal art hitherto unexplored and reveals vital information on why the art is increasingly becoming popular. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 25 August 2006, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Involvement in Arts and Culture, viewed 25 April 2013. This document contains statistical records from the ABS about the number of tourists and visitors that visited Australian attractions. It also characterizes the tourists by the attractions they visited and their popular sites. This document helps in understanding the current trend towards cultural/heritage sites by the number of tourists. Australian Council for the Arts, 2013, Cultural Tourism, Viewed 25 April 2013, This is a summary report by the Australian council on the number of tourists that visited Australian art and culture centers courtesy of a study by Tourism Research Australia. The report provides a simple and concise analysis of art and culture tourism from a statistical perspective. Boland, M, 16 January 2013 â€Å"National Gallery of Victoria Rolls out the Welcome Mat†, Arts, viewed 25 April 2013, Boland outlines the recent changes occurring in the National Gallery of Victoria and their possible impact on cultural tourism. The article gives the audience a glimpse of the efforts by the gallery to improve their tourist facilities as well as boost their service delivery. Corsane, G, 2005, Heritage, museums and galleries: an introductory reader. London, Routledge. This book reviews the importance of cultural attractions, their characteristics and the reasons why they attract many visitors. It also outlines the possible improvements to these attractions. This book is important in studying cultural tourism. It provides a general overview of the basic aspects of heritage sites and galleries important for this study. Douglas, N, Douglas, N., Derrett, R., 2001, Special interest tourism: context and cases. Brisbane, John Wiley Sons Australia. Douglas et al. provide specific examples of heritage sites and the challenges they face. Their book is important in comparison and in examining the intricate details of cultural tourism from a realistic perspective. It provides this research with an array of information on cultural sites. Finley, C., 2008, Aboriginal art of Australia: exploring cultural traditions, London, Lerner. Finley looks at the aboriginal art of Australia and examines the details about the art and the interesting factors in the culture. His book contains a lot of information on aboriginal art that has been incorporated into this study. Foo, L. M. and Rossetto A, 1998, Cultural tourism in Australia characteristics and motivations, Canberra, Bureau of Tourism Research. Rossetto and Foo examine cultural tourism especially the trends and information about Australia. Considering this research’s focus on cultural tourism, the book enables a clear understanding of this concept and provides vital information on heritage attractions. Gartner, W C, Lime, D W, 2000, Trends in outdoor recreation, leisure, and tourism, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, CABI Pub. Gartner and Lime identify the changing trends in tourism and leisure attractions. This book is important for this study as it analyzes the growing popularity of cultural heritage sites in recent times and provides reasons for that trend. Hossain, A, Carter, P, Heaney, L, 2005, Cultural tourism in regions of Australia, Canberra, Bureau of Tourism Research. Hossain, Carter and Heaney carry out a study on cultural tourism in Australia. Their study identifies several emerging aspects of tourism and reveals the tendency of tourists and locals to cultural attractions. Their study provides additional information on the status of cultural tourism in Australia. Ivanovic, M, 2008, Cultural tourism, Cape Town, South Africa, Juta. This book focuses on cultural tourism. The trends, the positives and the negatives. It provides different perspectives of cultural tourism and a host of other information drawn from all over the world. Kay, P, â€Å"Determinants of Cultural Event Tourist Motivation†, Victoria University, 2007. This paper analyzes the factors that motivate tourist into visiting cultural attractions. It provides insight into some of the factors that have motivated the influx of both domestic and foreign tourists to local heritage sites. Melbourne, n.d., National Gallery of Victoria, Viewed 25 April 2013, This website provides information on Melbourne and its heritage sites as well as other locations. It provides a lot of important information on the National Gallery of Victoria and its surroundings. National Gallery Of Victoria, Ryan, J., 2002, Indigenous Australian art in the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, National Gallery of Victoria. This publication focuses on the kinds of aboriginal art present in the NGV; it helped this research in validating the real existence of aboriginal art in the NGV. It provided important information on NGV’s indigenous art collections. National Gallery of Victoria, 2013, People Projects, Viewed 25 April 2013, NGV’s website contains a lot of information on its management structure and collaborators as well as funding. This webpage provided information on the management structure as used in this research. Richards, G, Munsters, W, (2010). Cultural tourism research methods. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, U.K., CAB International. This book though primarily based on research methods contains some valuable information on cultural tourism. Its information on the factors motivating cultural tourism was important for this research, Richards, G, 2007, Cultural tourism: global and local perspectives, New York, Haworth Hospitality Press. Richards explores the issue of cultural tourism from the American and international perspective. He focuses on the growth of this kind of tourism especially in particular parts of Europe such as Australia. The information on Australia was a valuable addition to the ones available. Timothy, D, J, 2011, Cultural heritage and tourism: an introduction, Bristol, Channel View Publications. Timothy examines cultural tourism issues, various aspects and practices. The information contained in this book was of vital importance especially in the analyses of the NGV’s cultural art promotion.