The Inferno By Dante And The Allegory Of The Cave

The significance and connotation of light seems to be driven by its relation to truth. Truth is some thing that has been debated since the beginning of human thought. Even in western philosophy alone, the meaning of light has changed, creating a one to question the sole symbol light can act as. Plato’s argument equates truth to light, while Dante’s argument equates God to light. Dante argues that the light is guiding, rather than definite. Through these two examples, I will show that light symbolizing the equivalent of truth or searching for truth yields problems. To support my claim, I will look at The Inferno by Dante and The Allegory of the Cave by Plato, whose interpretations of light appear to work well with one another. First, I will analyze the significance of in a non-religious context. Second, I will analyze the significance of in a religious context. Thirdly, I will show why this metaphor of light yield problems for the viewer of light. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, light represents a definitive truth. After seeing â€Å"the form of the good†, in the physical world, light is produced, paralleling, in the mental world, â€Å"truth and understanding† is produced (Plato 211). Since seeing the light is only obtained seeing the Truth, Plato regards light as an end rather than a means to find a higher truth. This light in The Allegory of the Cave prevents humans from â€Å"behaving awkwardly and appearing completely ridiculous† (Plato 211). Plato argues that the light destroysShow MoreRelated Dantes Inferno Essay888 Words   |  4 Pages Dantes use of allegory in the Inferno greatly varies from Platos quot;Allegory of the Cavequot; in purpose, symbolism, characters and mentors, and in attitude toward the world. An analysis of each of these elements in both allegories will provide an interesting comparison. Dante uses allegory to relate the sinners punishment to his sin, while Plato uses all egory to discuss ignorance and knowledge. Dantes Inferno describes the descent through Hell from the upper level of the opportunists toRead MoreEssay on The Allegory of the Cave and Dante1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe Allegory of the Cave and Dante â€Å"If you would not be forgotten as soon as you are dead and rotten, either write things worth reading or do things worth writing.† This maxim applies to the poet Dante Alighieri, writer of The Inferno in the 1300s, because it asserts the need to establish oneself as a contributor to society. Indeed, Dante’s work contributes much to Renaissance Italy as his work is the first of its scope and size to be written in the vernacular. Due to its readability andRead MoreDantes Beasts2989 Words   |  12 PagesThe Beasts and Monsters in Dantes Inferno   The Inferno is the first section of Dantes three-part poem, The Divine Comedy. Throughout Dantes epic journey into the depths of Inferno he encounters thirty monsters and five hybrid creatures.   The most significant of these monsters are of central importance to his journey and to the narrative, as they not only challenge  Dantes presence in Inferno, but are custodians of Hell, keeping in order or guarding the perduta gente.   In this essay I am concentratingRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Proposed By Plato1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe allegory of the cave proposed by Plato includes the representation of the levels of knowledge. As we get closer to the exit, we get more knowledgeable and wiser we get, thus becoming better selves. Literature represents part of this knowledge, it has been a fundamental part of understanding our society, and has archived and developed the events and thoughts that made the world in which we live today. The more we read, the more we understand a bout us as well as learning from other peoples’ experiencesRead MoreAnalyzing Dantes The Divine Comedy2313 Words   |  9 PagesPart 1 How does Dante use metaphors/allegories as mechanisms for articulating his vision of Christian ethos? Consider how the work is structured and how punishment is meted out and his use of contrapasso. Durante degli Alighieri, usually referred to as Dante (1265-1321), was an Italian poet, moral philosophers, and political thinker best known for his epic poem La divina commedia. Essentially, The Divine Comedy describes Dantes journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise guided at first by the

Othello, By William Shakespeare - 1218 Words

In a historical time period where emphasis was shifting from religion to race and ethnicity, key indicators of differences that perpetuated into racial prejudice and racial ideologies are evident in Othello by William Shakespeare. Although racism was not fully formed at this moment in history, Othello can be interpreted as a representation and an exploration of this shift in ideology. In the past, before this change toward racial differences, religion was the major segretory factor in signifying prejudice towards certain religious groups primarily Islam as a threat to European Christians. Although modern racial ideologies are mostly influenced by European imperialism and colonialism, the justification for their exploitation of indigenous conquered groups required some form of racist ideology. Physical characteristics became â€Å"racial markers† which Europeans believed were natural differences that represented inherent internal characteristics. Othello the character and S hakespeare the author are intertwined in this shifting paradigm during this major transformation of ideology from religion to racial prejudice. Othello the play begins not with Othello who bears the title of Shakespeare s work but with Iago. Similar to many other tragedies such as Lear and Macbeth that begin with ancillary figures discussing the character who inevitably becomes the center of the tragedy, there exists no other play that prolongs the introduction of this tragic hero until finally, he setsShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare957 Words   |  4 Pagesinnocent person kills himself while not knowing the truth. The best example of that would be the play Othello by the great William Shakespeare. As little as a handkerchief could make a difference if it is a symbol for something. In the play Othello by Shakespeare, handkerchief is first introduced by Othello to his beautiful mistress, Desdemona, as a sign of their love. At the end of the play what gets Othello to take extreme measures by the location of the handkerchief. As the symbol of the handkerchiefRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s 16th century play Othello is a duplicitous and fraudulent tale set alternatingly between Venice in act 1, and the island of Cyprus thereafter. The play follows the scandalous marriage between protagonist Othello, a Christian moore and the general of the army of Venice, and Desdemona, a respected and intelligent woman who also happens to be the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despiteRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare894 Words   |  4 Pagesthose that which occurred in Othello written by William Shakespeare. Throughout the play Othello, we see the struggles of a marriage that is not accepted by their society. Othello is a extremely cherished black general living in a primarily white community. The play begins with Othello secretly becoming married to a white woman named Desdemona. This reasons others who are white to become angry and excuse to dislike this black man further more than they already do. Othello is a downward spiral from loveRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare790 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout Othello by William Shakespeare, Othello makes numerous poor decisions due to his jealousy. Hitting Desdemona, trusting Iago, and killing Desdemona are among a few of the poor decisions that he makes. The word jealous can be defined as feeling or showing suspicion of someones unfaithfulness in a relationship. Othello feels suspicious of Desdemona’s and Cassio’s relationship because of the lies that Iago tells him. Many people try to tell Othello the truth but he only believes the wordsRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1923 Words   |  8 Pagesdissatisfaction or complication is shown. Firstly in Othello love is presented as ephemeral and transient while atonement love is presented as unrequited and finally in cat on a hot tin roof love is presented as painful and troublesome due to unreciprocated feelings. The tragic plot of Othello hinges on the potential of the villain, Iago, to deceive other characters, above all Roderigo and Othello, through encouraging them to misinterpret what they see. Othello is prone to Iago s ploys seeing that he himselfRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare941 Words   |  4 Pageswas Williams Shakespeare’s play Othello which depicts the tragedy of Othello, a Morris Captain. What is different about Shakespeare play is that the tragic hero is the black Othello and the villain a white Iago. Therefore, Shakespeare depiction of Othello as a tragic character and Iago as a villain, challenges Elizabethan’s stereotypes regarding individuals of African descent. Shakespeare challenges the stereotypical â€Å"type –casting of the black man† in Elizabethan society by depicting Othello asRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1152 Words   |  5 Pages‘Othello’ was a tragedy of incomprehension at the deepest level of human dealings as no one in the play came to an understanding of himself or any of the surrounding characters. The play ‘Othello’ by William Shakespeare focused on tragedy through the anguish of the main character ‘Othello’ which lead to the suffering and death of numerous characters including himself. Appearance Vs. Reality challenged human dealings within the play ‘Othello’ as no-one came to see anyone’s true self and no-one seesRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pagesprofitable in condition of good and immorality. Othello is presented as good and Iago as evil, but Iago and Othello’s relationship also shares a distrust of their wives. The overall logical argument is based on love, jealousy and betrayal between two lovers that ultimately leads to their separation because of Iago’s evil plan. I am using this article to agree with Berry s view on how Iago separates two lovers just so he can take retaliation on Othello by manipulating everyone to unmasking their trueRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1825 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s plays transcends time and is renowned for their captivating plots and complex characters. Othello by William Shakespeare is a tragedy play that portrays major themes such as racism, manipulation, and jealousy just to name a few. Throughout the whole play, these themes are represented through the conniving character from the play, Iago. Out of all the plays Shakespeare has written, Iago is believed to be the most complex villain of all times. During the play, Othello, a blackRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1140 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. In this play, Shakespeare features three major characters: Othello, Iago, and Desdemona. Othello, a black man , and Desdemona, a white venetian secretly eloped in the play. Iago shows racism and prejudice towards their relationship because of their skin colors. In the play, Iago says: â€Å"Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make a

Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Care

Question: Discuss about the Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Care. Answer: Introduction: Nursing care is concerned with investigation of the patients needs and then administration of interventions for addressing those needs. Evidence based practice is a scientific and realistic searching technique that yields optimal and high quality care results (DiCenso, Guyatt Ciliska, 2014). It is more of a problem solving approach that on one hand is highly cost effective and in other hand provides far more satisfactory results than the traditional approaches. This technique has seven steps starting with creating a valid enquiry, asking reasonable clinical PICO questions, searching nursing databases with the questions, critically evaluating the evidence and ending in the selection of the best intervention applicable for the respective patient (Hastings Fisher, 2014). This report will attempt to apply the first two steps of the evidence based practice in the case of a patient suffering from knee pain. Case scenario: In this case scenario a middle aged AFL player, Kasim, is suffering from knee pan and has been prescribed to use celecoxib 200 mg/day, an NSAID drug or glucosamine 1500 mg/day. Out of the two treatment options the patient has to choose one as per his convenience, and prior o that the patient is eager to discover knowledge about both the medications, the pro and cons of each in detail. Application of evidence based practice can help the nurse educate the patient about his treatment options in the most scientific and reasonable manner in just two simple steps: Clinical Questions: In men with knee pain which treatment option is more effective between celecoxib and glucosamine: Key words /search items/phrase Alternative words P In knee pain In a patient suffering from joint pain I Is celecoxib non steroidal medication C Compared to Glucosamine Steroidal pain medication O Best option for relieving pain without any side effects? Is the better alternative? Database search: The next step in the evidence based practice is selecting a nursing database for conducting key word search based on the PICO questions. There are a number of nursing databases that can be used for the purpose like MEDLINE or CINAHL. The purpose behind choosing theses two websites are their excellence in the field of nursing. Both of them are easily the largest databases existing that serve us with countless valuable journals and CINAHL with much more. This is the reason these two databases are abundantly used for the evidence based practice in nursing using PICO questioning, and among both of them the database chosen for the assignment is CINAHL or Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature as it covers more diversity within the field of nursing and health care and also for the fact that it includes books, dissertations, audio visual resources and conference papers as well. Actions Search mode Results Limiters (or expanders) Glucosamine or celecoxib in knee pain management Find all my search item 2010 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language How are NSAID drugs more useful? Find all my search items 6 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language Consequences of steroidal drugs and non-steroidal drugs Find all my search items 5231 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language What are the benefits of using NSAID medication in joint pain? SmartText searching 2 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language Patient recovery using steroidal drugs in pain management. Find all my search items 16 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language Recovery rate of using non-steroidal drugs in pain management SmartText searching 1116 Full Text; Published Date: 20100101-20171231; Abstract Available; English Language (Table format used from Richardson-Tench et al., 2016) Accuracy: One of the major reasons where students and scholars of health care and biomedical sciences take the assistance of CINAHL is the accuracy and relevance of the search that it provides. The search result generated for the assignment provided the opportunity to address each and every aspect of the steroidal and non-steroidal medication in detail. Furthermore the database also provides various tools for us to use that helps in using PICO questions in the database like Boolean operators, truncation, wildcard and a customizable limiter edit section that contributes in tailoring the search according to convenience and reason. Relevance: According to the article on nonsteroidal drugs by Hakkarainen, the nonsteroidal drugs inhibit prostaglandin release by inhibiting cox2, and is highly functional in decreasing inflammation and pain sensation (Hakkarainen et al., 2015). The steroidal medication like glucasamine however, are similar in therapeutic activity but are narcotics hence can be dangerous in case overdosage of prolonged use. Nonsteroidal medication are definitely the safer option especially with celecoxi which is very effective in joint pain but nonsteroidal medication have a number of side effects as well like vomiting and nausea hence dosage should be carefully calculated according to the article by Wei at al. 2013 (Wei at al., 2013). Conclusion: Nursing is the noble profession of care, an occupation that is people focused, on their needs and grievances. The responsibility of a nurse is multidimensional, with interconnected spectrums coming together in a single outcome, optimal care delivery to each and every patient. Along the years the health care has advanced considerably and with it the operational strategies and techniques have advanced as well. Evidence based practice is another advanced trick that has emerged in the last decade that has changed the health care standards and with the new advancements like this coming everyday it will continue to do so. References: Ellis, P. (2016). Evidence-based practice in nursing. Learning Matters. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014). Evidence-based nursing: A guide to clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hastings, C., Fisher, C. A. (2014). Searching for proof: Creating and using an actionable PICO question. Nursing management, 45(8), 9-12. Hamlin, L., Davies, M., Richardson-Tench, M., Sutherland-Fraser, S. (2016). Perioperative Nursing-EBook-epub: An Introduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hakkarainen, T. W., Steele, S. R., Bastaworous, A., Dellinger, E. P., Farrokhi, E., Farjah, F., ... Flum, D. R. (2015). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk for anastomotic failure: a report from Washington State's Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program (SCOAP).JAMA Surgery,150(3), 223-228. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2014.2239 Wei, L., Macdonald, T. M., Jennings, C., Sheng, X., Flynn, R. W., Murphy, M. J. (2013). Estimated GFR reporting is associated with decreased nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug prescribing and increased renal function.Kidney International,84(1), 174-178. doi:10.1038/ki.2013.76

Fundamentals of Law Criminological Theories

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Lawfor Criminological Theories. Answer: Facts of the Case In this case five explorers had got trapped inside the cave. They had been trapped due to a land slide and there was no way left in which they could escape the cave. They tried their best but were not able to do so. There was tremendous effort form the rescuers to rescue them out of the cave but the effort was not successful. Ten men had already died in order to rescue them from the cave. The explorers had no access to food or water and they had no idea till when they are going to be trapped inside. The rescue party was trying their best to rescue them but their attempts were getting failed. On the 20th day radio contact was been able to be established between them and the rescuers. Through the radio connection the trapped persons were notified that it would take another ten days before they can be rescued. They had a chat with the medical expert through the idea where they consulted about their survival chances without nutrients. They had been notified by the medical expert that it is unlikely that they would be able to survive another ten days without food and water in the cave. One of the trapped cavers Mr. Whetmore asked the medical experts on behalf of the other cavers that would they be able to survive if they consumed the flesh of one of the trapped cavers. The medical expert although reluctantly but confirmed that if they did so than they will have the chance of survival. Mr. Wethmore than inquired the fellow cavers that they should choose the person to be killed and eaten through drawing lots or not. No one from the rescue team was able to answer the question or did rather not want to answer the question and in addition the radio contact was subsequently lost. When the cave was cleared it was found that Mr. Wethmore had been killed and consumed. The other four people claimed that they had done so through the dice provided by the deceased and he had agreed that the dice was thrown in a just way. The four men were charged with murder of Mr. Wethmore. The re is a mandatory penalty of death in case of murder in Newgarth. The Decision and Relevance of Legal Theory The first judge in this case Chief Justice Truepenny held that the four convicts are guilty of murder however the he recommended clemency. The opinion of the judge was to an expository to a great extent and had been used to review the facts related to the case. According to the judge the legal provisions were clear and the defendants had no defenses to rely on thus the provisions have to be imposed and applied by the court. It was added by the first judge in this case that the circumstances which lead to the murder in his view were such that they provide a need for clemency. However it was added by the chief justice that the decision related to mercy is in the hands of the executive and not the judiciary. In addition it was provided by the chief justice that the other judges should add their names to the appeal claiming mercy for the convicts. According to the chief justice such decision would not only keep the integrity of the statues but also allow the justice to be served without disregarding law. The judge in this case relied on both the natural law theory and the legal obedience theory to come to a decision. According to the natural law theory the rational behavior of human beings should be used to derive what is evil and what is good[1]. Historically the theory refers to the use of human reasons in order to make binding rules with respect to moral behavior[2]. Thus by analyzing human behavior the judge deduced that the actions of the convicts should be subjected to mercy. However the judge prioritized the legal obedience theory according to which a statue which is not ambiguous must be imposed without any alternation by the courts and it is not the look out of the court that whether the statue is justified or not. Thus the judge only recommended clemency by through the legal obedience theory affirmed conviction The second judge in this case Justice Foster ruled that the accused were not guilty and set aside the conviction. According to the judge as the defendants were in a State of nature the basic law of Newgarth was not applicable on them. In addition it had been provided by the judge that according to natural law it was not wrong for the convicts to sacrifice the life of one person in order to save the life of four others. The judge suggested that the court must take a purposive approach towards the statue as the law of Newgarth was not applicable. There have been several occasions where the courts have found exception to statues through implications such as in the case of self defense. The judge also ruled that the main intention and objective of criminal law is deterrence and in this case it would not be served by affirming conviction. The judge in this case relied on the natural law theory along with the legal anthropology to come to a decision. Natural law theory had been discussed above according to which the circumstances have to be analyzed in order to come to decision[3]. The judge also considered the anthropology theory or the cross culture theory according to which laws in different cultures are used to come to a decision[4]. There are many cultures where cannibalism is legal due to the scarcity of food and the rule of survival of the fittest prevails[5]. The judge Justice Tatting was the only judge who was not able to come to a decision. The judge had criticized the approach taken by Justice Foster. The judge in this case provided that the freedom of contract must be prioritized over right to life according to the state of nature cannot be taken as a logical argument. The judge was stuck between the feeling of sympathy and disgust of the monstrous act committed. The purposive approach was also criticized by the judge as it has various purposes which include rehabilitation and retribution. The judge also cited the case of Commonwealth v Valjean in which it was not justified to hold starvation as a valid cause for theft. However it was provided by the judge that the considerations of the defendants are counterbalancing that of the prosecution and it is not possible for him to come to a just decision. The judge in this case also relied on the legal obedience theory however he was not able to come to to a decision as it would contradict the theory of justice[6]. He was not able to determine whether the balance of justice was in favor of the defendants or the prosecution. The fourth judge Justice Keen started his decision by criticizing and opposing the executive clemency as provided by the chief justice. He affirmed the conviction of the defendants. The justice also rejected the morality behind the actions of the defendants which was used by the courts to come to the decision. The justice ruled that the only question which the court should consider in this case is the application of the legislation of Newgarth and the determination of the fact that the life of the deceased was taken willfully by the defendants or not. He ruled that the other judges have failed to separate the moral and the legal aspects of the case. He in his personal opinion held that the defendants should not be subjected to death but ruled that the role of the court is only to interpret and apply the law. The judge in this case applied the legal positivism and the legal obedience theory to come to a decision. According to the theories the court must not look into the fact that a legislation is justified or not and not to doubt the ability of the legislature to enact laws the Legal positivism theory further provides that the law made by the legislatures must be imposed strictly[7]. It is not necessary that law and morals will always have a connection and thus analysis of issue should not be based on moral or social principles. Legal issues must only be addressed by referring to rules which are predetermined without any social consideration. The concept of legal positivism is totally opposite to that of natural law and established no connection between law and morals. Thus the justice confirmed the conviction of the defendants. The fifth and final judge in this case was Justice Handy. He had set aside the conviction of the defendants in this case. He had the opinion that the court must give relevance to public demand and view when deciding a point of law. He ruled that the decision must be based on common sense rather than abstract theories of law. He held criticizing his colleagues that the case only requires practical wisdom and not curtains of law in order to come to a rational decision. He held that 90% of the public wants the defendants to be released or be subjected to a minor punishment and in order to maintain public confidence in law such decision has to be taken. The judge was also ready to accept the purposive approach as provided by Justice Foster. The judge in this case used the social theory to address the issue. According to the social theory the objective of law is to protect the citizens against injustice and to maintain the confidence of the public in the legal system. The social theory seeks to address legal issue with common sense and not predetermined law[8]. The theory although it sounds practical and clear can cause immense ambiguity with respect to the legal system. Reaching a Decision The main issue which arises in this case with respect to making the decision is the question related to the relevance of moral right and legal obligations. The theories such as legal positivism and natural law used by the judges to address the issue have their own relevance but are contradictory to each other. The social theory has also been applied in this case which provides an outcome contradictory to the theory of legal positivism. Law had existed in society since ancient times with its main objective of providing justice to the aggrieved. The fundamental purpose of criminal law is to ensure that the criminal activity is not repeated again through punishment of the guilty. There are two significant elements which constitute a criminal activity firstly the intention of causing harm and secondly the physical act causing the harm. In this case both intention and action can be said to be present. However there have been many cases in which a criminal punishment has been exempted base d on the theory of self defense. Law should never be used to satisfy the demands of a particular group of society or the society as a whole. According to the rule of there is nothing which is or which can be above law and thus society demands cannot be put above the provisions of law[9]. Therefore the social theory cannot be applied in this case to a decision. The difficult task arises when one among the theories of legal positivism and natural law has to be chosen to come to a decision in this case. Comparing the two theories none can be identified as a clear winner as the principles of law are not only to punish the wrongdoer but also to promote justice and equity in the society. Therefore in this case referring to the decision of the chief justice which made an attempt to give relevance to both legal positivism and natural law it can be said that the defendants should be affirmed guilty but clemency in the matter must also be observed by the executives. Bibliography Akers, Ronald L.Criminological theories: Introduction and evaluation. Routledge, 2013. Armstrong, David Malet.What is a Law of Nature?. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Campbell, Tom D., ed.Legal positivism. Routledge, 2016. Leiter, Brian. "Marx, law, ideology, legal positivism."Virginia Law Review(2015): 1179-1196. MacCormick, Neil, and Ota Weinberger.An institutional theory of law: new approaches to legal positivism. Vol. 3. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. O'Connell, Mary Ellen, and Caleb M. Day. "Sources in Natural Law Theories: Natural Law as Source of Extra-Positive Norms." (2016). Roberts, Simon.Order and dispute: an introduction to legal anthropology. Quid Pro Books, 2013. Stanlis, Peter James.Edmund Burke and the natural law. Transaction Publishers, 2015. Weidong, Chen. "Legality, Democracy and Restriction: Three Key-Words the Judicial Reform Should Focus on."Law Science Magazine10 (2014): 001.